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Bill of Rights
The first ten Amendments to the Constitution that protect individual liberties and rights.
Civil liberties
Constitutionally established guarantees and freedoms that protect citizens from arbitrary government interference.
First Amendment
Protects religious freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press.
Prior restraint
Legal principle that supports a heavy presumption against government censorship before publication.
Clear-and-present-danger test
Allows speech limitations when it poses a danger to public safety.
Libel
Written communication that defames an individual.
Symbolic speech
Nonverbal actions that convey an idea or belief.
Time, place, manner
Regulations that restrict the timing, location, and noise levels of events.
Obscenity
Speech that offends the prevailing morality of society.
Defamation
Language that damages another's reputation.
Slander
Oral communication that defames an individual.
Free-exercise clause
Guarantees freedom of conscience and prohibits government interference in religious beliefs.
Establishment clause
Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.
Wall of separation
Court ruling that mandates government non-involvement with religion.
Second Amendment
Protects the right to bear arms.
Fourth Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Exclusionary rule
Prohibits illegally seized evidence from being used in court.
Probable cause
Reasonable grounds for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest.
Good-faith exception
Allows minor errors in evidence gathering to be admissible in court.
Public safety exception
Permits unwarned interrogation to be used as evidence in court.
Fifth Amendment
Establishes due process protections for individuals against the national government.
Sixth Amendment
Guarantees the right to legal counsel, a speedy trial, and an impartial jury.
Miranda rule
Requires informing accused persons of their rights before interrogation.
Eighth Amendment
Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.
Ninth Amendment
States that individuals have rights beyond those listed in the first eight amendments.
Fourteenth Amendment
Applies Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses to the states and grants citizenship.
Due process of law
Ensures government cannot infringe on rights without legal procedures.
Procedural due process
Requires non-arbitrary methods in government decision-making affecting rights.
Substantive due process
Examines whether laws infringe on individual rights.
Equal protection of the law
Mandates equal treatment by the government.
Selective incorporation
Extends certain Bill of Rights protections to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.
Unenumerated rights
Constitutionally protected rights not explicitly listed in the Bill of Rights.
Right to privacy
A recognized right not explicitly named in the Constitution, derived from the Due Process clause.
Griswold v
Supreme Court case that protected the right to privacy from government infringement.
Roe v
Supreme Court case that extended the right to privacy to include abortion.
Dobbs v
Overturned Roe v. Wade, stating no constitutional right to abortion.
Patriot Act
Legislation enacted post-9/11 to expand law enforcement surveillance and communication.
USA Freedom Act
Legislation aimed at limiting bulk collection of telecommunications metadata by intelligence agencies.
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