Unit 3 and 4 HHD REVISION

Aid

Assistance given from one party to another.

Allied health professionals

Health professionals who are not doctors, nurses or dentists. It does include physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychologists.

Bilateral aid

Support provided by one government to the government of another country.

Biological factors

Factors that relate to the body and its functions which can impact on our health.

Biomedical approach to health

A model of health focused on the biological and physical aspects of disease and illness, it is practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease and illness.

Bulk billing

When a health professional only charges the schedule fee and there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.

Burden of disease

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the disability-adjusted life years (DALY).

Cancer (including lung, colorectal, stomach, bowel and mouth)

A range of diseases in which cells divide abnormally without control and can invade nearby tissues and prevent their normal function. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

Cardiovascular disease (including heart attack and stroke)

Includes all diseases of the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular). This includes heart attacks and stroke (also known as cerebrovascular disease) which are mainly caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart and brain.

Cholera

A bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration. It is commonly spread through contaminated food and water.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterised by airflow limitation, often caused by smoking, and encompasses conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, leading to difficulty breathing.

Co-payment

The amount paid by the patient for health services that is in addition to the amount paid by the government.

Commercial factors

Conditions, actions and policies of corporate organisations that impact health and wellbeing, either positively or negatively.

Communicable diseases

Also known as infectious diseases, they can spread from one person, or animal, to another, and are typically caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Examples include cholera, malaria, HIV/AIDS and influenza.

Dementia

A number of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, that are characterised by worsening mental processes. Symptoms may include impaired memory, understanding and reasoning which can reduce the ability to perform everyday tasks.

Diarrhoea

Means having a loose, watery stool during a bowel movement. Diarrhoea can be caused by a number of infections, including bacterial or viral infections, and these can be spread a number of ways, such as via contaminated food and water.

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)

A measure of burden of disease where one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Discrimination

Refers to unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on certain characteristics, such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity.

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.

Dynamic

Refers to something that is constantly changing or can change quickly.

Emotional health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions, as well as the ability to display resilience.

Energy-dense foods

Foods that have a high amount of energy per gram and whose high consumption is likely to lead to weight gain.

Environmental factors

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play.

Extreme poverty

The World Bank defines extreme poverty as those living on less than $3.00 (PPP) per day.

Gap payment

The amount paid by the patient for health services that is in addition to the amount paid by their private health insurance.

Gastroenteritis

An inflammation of the stomach and intestines causing symptoms like diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach cramps, usually due to a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection.

Gender equality

Means that people of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities in every aspect of life.

Health and wellbeing

Relates to a person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Health promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

Health status

An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver that is caused by a variety of infectious viruses and non-infectious agents, leading to a range of health problems, some of which can be fatal. There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.

High blood pressure (hypertension)

When blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate than is considered normal/healthy. This can lead to heart attacks, strokes and kidney disease.

HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that can weaken the immune system to the point that it is unable to fight off some infections. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is at its weakest and a person has one or more specific illnesses.

Human development

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Humanitarian assistance

Sometimes referred to as emergency aid, it is rapid assistance given to people or countries experiencing a crisis, such as conflict, floods and earthquakes.

Illness

A subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease.

Incidence

The number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified time, usually a 12-month period.

Individual actions

Things people can do on their own to bring about positive change.

Infant mortality

The death of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1,000 live births.

Infectious diseases (also known as communicable diseases)

Diseases or illnesses caused by infectious agents or their toxic products, such as bacteria and viruses. These infectious agents can be spread from one person to another by water, air and food.

Injury

Physiological damage to the living tissue of the body caused by an external factor.

Kidney disease

A loss of normal kidney function, such as its ability to filter the blood and remove waste products.

Life expectancy

An indication of how long a person can expect to live. It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Malaria

A disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It causes an infection of your red blood cells and can be life-threatening if not treated.

Malnutrition

Refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilisation. It consists of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, as well as diet-related noncommunicable diseases.

Maternal mortality

The death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery, typically expressed per 100,000 women giving birth.

Medicare

Australia's universal health insurance scheme, whereby the federal government pays for some or all of the costs of necessary healthcare.

Mental health and wellbeing

The current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information.

Mental ill-health (including anxiety and depression)

Disturbances of mood or thought, including anxiety disorders and depression. Such disturbances can make everyday functioning challenging.

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

Mortality

Refers to death, particularly at a population level.

Multilateral aid

Assistance provided by a large global organisation, such as the WHO or World Food Programme.

National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

A scheme that provides funding to eligible people with a disability to gain more time with family and friends, greater independence, access to new skills, jobs or volunteering in their community, and an improved quality of life.

Neonatal disorders

A wide range of conditions that can affect newborns, including prematurity, respiratory problems, infections, metabolic issues and birth defects, often requiring specialised care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

Neonatal period

The first 28 days following birth.

Non-communicable diseases

Sometimes referred to as lifestyle diseases, they are diseases that do not spread from person to person and are often caused by a range of lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors. Examples include cancer, type 2 diabetes, asthma and cardiovascular disease such as stroke.

Non-government organisation (NGO)

Independent, non-profit groups that work to promote health and human development, such as World Vision and Oxfam.

Non-government organisation (NGO) aid

Support provided by non-government organisations to promote health and human development.

'Old' public health

Government actions that focused on altering the physical environment to help reduce the spread of infectious diseases, which included the provision of safe water and sanitation, improved housing and work conditions, sewage disposal and improved nutrition.

Optimal health and wellbeing

Experiencing high levels of one or more of the dimensions of health and wellbeing.

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A document developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) that outlines the conditions required to promote high levels of health and wellbeing, which reflects the social model of health and includes five priority action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes.

Overweight and obesity

Often associated with abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health and is often classified as having a BMI of 25.0 or over.

Personal factors

Individual characteristics that are impacted by other factors, which vary from person to person, and influence food intake.

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)

A federal government scheme where the cost of essential medicines are subsidised to make them more affordable for Australians.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems and it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Population groups

Sections of a community with similar features or characteristics, which allow generalisations to be made about them.

Population health

The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

Poverty

Refers to deprivation which often stems from lack of income but can present as a lack of material resources, such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Private health insurance

Where members pay a premium/fee to receive additional support to cover the cost of health services not covered by Medicare.

Private health insurance premium

The amount paid for private health insurance, usually on an annual basis.

Public health

The actions carried out by the government to promote health outcomes in a population.

Respiratory conditions

Diseases of the lungs and airways, including asthma, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Safe water

Water that is free from contaminants such as bacteria and viruses, and chemicals such as mercury and lead, making it safe to drink, cook with and use for hygiene purposes.

Sanitation

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces.

Schedule fee

The amount the government deems should be paid to a health professional for carrying out a medical service or procedure.

Self-assessed health status

A measure based on a person's own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Social actions

People working together to bring about positive change.

Social health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Social justice

Relates to fairness within society. It is the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges in society.

Social model of health

A model of health focused on preventing health conditions by directing efforts towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments.

Social protection systems

Government programs designed to reduce poverty by helping people cope with life's challenges, such as unemployment, illness or old age.

Sociocultural factors

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Is not material in nature, but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings, and includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

Subjective

Refers to something that can be viewed differently by different people.

Sustainability

Refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

Also known as the Global Goals, the SDGs are 17 goals that aim to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

Trend

A pattern present in data.

Tuberculosis

A condition caused by a bacterial infection that generally affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.

Type 2 diabetes

A condition that results in high blood glucose levels caused by reduced levels of, or less effective, insulin. Being overweight or obese can contribute to the development of this condition.

Typhoid

A bacterial infection that causes fever, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. It is spread through contaminated food and water.

Under-five mortality rate

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1,000 live births.

United Nations (UN)

An international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, human rights and development around the world.

Universal health coverage (UHC)

Means that all people, no matter where they live, can access the health services they need without experiencing financial hardship.

World Health Organization (WHO)

The health branch of the United Nations that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable.

Years of life lost due to illness, injury or disability (YLD)

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability.

Years of life lost due to premature death (YLL)

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.