CH.6 - Introduction to Police and Law in Criminal Justice System

Search

Actions by police intruding on a person's reasonable expectation of privacy.

Seizure

Use of authority to deprive someone of liberty or property, e.g., arrest.

Stop

Brief interference with a person's freedom, requiring reasonable suspicion.

Plain view doctrine

Permits officers to notice and use as evidence visible items.

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Police may not use deadly force in apprehending fleeing felons unless necessary to prevent escape and the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury.

Probable cause

Sufficient evidence making it likely the suspect committed the crime, determined by the totality of circumstances.

Terry v. Ohio

Allows officers to frisk a person briefly stopped.

Chimel v. California

Allows a weapon search during arrest.

Exigent circumstances

Immediate threat to public safety or evidence.

Consent search

Search conducted with the individual's permission.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Suspects being taken into custody must be informed of their rights before being questioned, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.

Exclusionary rule

Illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial, with exceptions such as good faith and inevitable discovery.

Bill of Rights

Embodies American values regarding individual rights and is interpreted by judges to balance crime control and individual rights.

Search incident to a lawful arrest

Permits a search during a lawful arrest.

Special needs beyond the normal purposes of law enforcement

Includes airport metal detectors, sobriety checkpoints, and stop and frisk on the streets.

Weeks v. United States (1914)

Established the exclusionary rule in federal prosecutions.

Wolf v. Colorado (1949)

Incorporated the Fourth Amendment in relation to the exclusionary rule.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Applied the exclusionary rule to states.

Good faith (United States v. Leon)

An exception to the exclusionary rule.

Inevitable discovery (Nix v. Williams)

An exception to the exclusionary rule.