social & cognitive factors in learning

4.4

preparedness

biological predisposition to make certain associations between items that will help with survival (eg. taste aversion)

instinctive drift

when an animal who has been conditioned slightly changes their conditioning to behavior more natural for that species

rescorla and wagner

demonstrated that animals can be taught to expect the outcome of an event

edward tolman

discovered cognitive map

cognitive map

mental layout of an environment

extrinsic motivation

external factors motivating someone/thing to complete a task (eg. rewards given by others)

intrinsic motivation

internal factors motivating someone/thing to complete a task (eg. going home after school ends)

external locus of control

when a person thinks outside factors control their life

internal locus of control

when a person thinks they themselves control their life

problem-focused coping

directly dealing with a problem to manage stress

emotion-focused coping

dealing with how one feels about a problem to manage stress

biofeedback

a method to control the body’s functions (eg. their muscle responses to certain stimuli)

reciprocal inhibition

process of extinguishing an undesired response to stimuli by evoking a desired response in its place

systematic desensitization

process first training individuals with phobias in relaxation techniques and then exposes to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli while they are relaxed

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior (eg. nausea and consumption of alcohol)

token economy

a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior