bio final

What structure defines a cell?

nucleus

What do we call an organism that does not have a nucleus?

prokaryotic

What do we call an organism that does have a nucleus?

eukaryotic

What are two examples of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are three types of eukaryotes?

plants, animals, fungi

What do ribosomes help make for the cell?

proteins

What is the fluid in the cell called?

cytosol

What does the endoplasmic reticulum connect to?

the golgi bodies

What is the section of the ER that has attached ribosomes called?

the rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is the section of the ER that does not have attached ribosomes called?

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

When a protein leaves the Golgi Bodies, what does it take with it?

piece of the membrane

What items could be stored in a vesicle?

Nutrients, energy for cell

What do lysosomes and lytic vacuoles do?

the remove toxins from the cell

What is an organelle?

structure that performs a specific job in a cell

Where do we turn sugars into ATP?

mitochondria

What do plants use for photosynthesis?

Sunlight/chloroplasts

What do filaments do?

Gives structure and communication through the cell and it helps move the cell

What does it mean for a compound to be organic?

Contains carbon and hydrogen

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Water is polar because electrons are not evenly shared

What two properties of water are mentioned?

ice is less dense than water and surface tension

What is the difference between a monomer and polymer?

A monomer is a single atom, small molecule, or molecular fragment that, when bonded together with identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule known as a polymer

Dehydration synthesis \_________ water to \______ a bond, while hydrolysis \________ water to \____________ a bond.

Lose, form; adds, get rid of

What ratio of the elements C:H:O does a carbohydrate have?

1:2:1

What are the two monomers of lipids?

glycerol and fatty acids

Lipids make up the majority of the cell \____________.

membrane

Nucleic acids have the following elements:

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphate

What do nucleic acids store?

genetic information

The monomers of a protein are made up of what three parts?

Active group, R group and the carboxyl group

How do enzymes act as biological catalysts?

They speed up the rate of the reaction

What are examples of autotrophs?

algae, bacteria, fungi

What are examples of heterotrophs?

dog,fish,human

What is the most instant form of energy known as?

ATP

Why is ATP a high energy molecule?

the charges exert a force between the phosphate groups

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What two types of reactions make up photosynthesis?

light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions

Light independent or dependent reactions: Water is split into oxygen, protons, and electron

Dependent reaction

Light independent or dependent reactions: CO2 is taken in and converted into carbohydrates

Independent reaction

Light independent or dependent reactions: light energy is not needed

independent reaction

Light independent or dependent reactions: light energy is needed

dependent reaction

What initial process splits a molecule of glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules?

glycolysis

What is the NET ATP yield from glycolysis?

2

What are the two different types of fermentation?

lactic acid and alcoholic

When is CO2 created?

Krebs cycle

In the electron transport chain, oxygen joins with electrons and protons to make\_____________.

water

By going through glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron transport chain, a cell can make between \_____ and \_____ ATP as opposed to just the 2 of glycolysis.

34 and 36

What 4 types of organisms have a cell wall?

1. Plant

2. Bacteria

3. Protist

4. Fungus

Diffusion moves molecules from \___ to \___ concentration.

high to low concentration

In a hypotonic solution, which way does water move?

inside the cell

In a hypertonic solution, which way does water move?

outside the cell

In an isotonic solution, there is a \_______________solute/ water concentration outside and inside the cell.

same

Who does better in an isotonic solution? Plants or animals

animals

Who does better in a hypotonic solution? Plants or animals

plants

What does facilitated diffusion need the help of to move molecules across a cell membrane?

a carrier protein

What type of molecule is the facilitator in facilitated diffusion?

protein

What is the only type of cellular transport to go AGAINST the concentration gradient?

active transport

In the sodium potassium pump, how many ions of sodium go through first? Potassium?

3 ions of sodium, and then 2 ions of potassium

What are the three reasons cells typically divide?

Growth, repair, replacement

What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

Cell growth

How does a duplicated strand of DNA end up being identical to the original strand?

Hydrogen bonds break and helix opens. Each strand of DNA acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. Replication produces two identical DNA double helices, each with one new and one old strand.

What happens in prophase?

chromosomes condense; nuclear breaks down

What happens in metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens in anaphase?

chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

What happens in telophase?

nucleus reforms, DNA loosens, last stage

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes?

reduces it by half

What is crossing over?

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

What is the idea of independent assortment?

Separated different genes from each other once reproductive cells are present

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

What is nondisjunction?

An error in cell division that causes homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing cell

What are the results of nondisjunction?

Patau syndrome, Down syndrome etc

What are the four basaes in DNA?

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

What replaces thymine in RNA?

uracil

What are the functions of mRNA?

carry information from DNA to other parts of the cell

What are the functions of tRNA?

transfers each amino acid to the ribosome

What are the functions of rRNA?

Uses a set of proteins to form ribosomes

What are the three different processes that nucleic acids can do?

replication, transcription, and translation

What does AUG code for?

Methionine

What do UGA,UAA, and UAG code for?

stop codons

What happens during transcription?

a gene is copied into the mRNA in the nucleus

What happens during translation?

The cell uses a messenger RNA code to make proteins

What is the biology definition of a mutation?

any change in a sequence of DNA

What is a monohybrid cross?

A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character

What is a dihybrid cross?

a cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits

What is Gregor Mendels idea of dominance?

when one allele covers another

What is Gregor Mendels idea of Segregation?

chromosome number gets split in half

What is Gregor Mendels idea of Independent Assortment?

random traits are given to a sex cell

What is incomplete dominance?

A blending of traits. Red+White\=Pink.

What is codominance?

when both alleles show up in the phenotype together

What type of chromosomes are sex-linked traits found on?

X chromosomes; they are more prominent in males

what is genetic engineering?

the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.

What are the levels of ecosystem organization from smallest to largest?

Individual organism, population,community, ecosystem, biome biosphere

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