d and f block para 3

Standard Electrode Potential (E V)

The measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced, expressed in volts.

Transformation of solid metal atoms to M2+ ions

The process where solid metals lose electrons to form positive ions in solution.

Cu's unique behaviour

Copper (Cu) has a positive E V, which prevents it from liberating hydrogen (H2) from acids.

Oxidising acids that react with Copper

Nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid are the only acids that react with Cu.

Hydration enthalpy

The heat energy released when ions are surrounded by water molecules; plays a role in metal ion stability in solution.

Trend of less negative E V values

The general observation that E V becomes less negative as you move across certain groups of metals due to increasing ionisation energies.

Unexpected values of E V

The observed E V values for Mn, Ni, and Zn are more negative than what is predicted by the general trend.

Ionisation Enthalpy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion.