Scrotum and testes

… hormones cause differentiation, specifically …, which is released by … cells

androgen if, testosterone, leydig

… ducts develop while … ducts regress to cause male development

Wolffian, mullerian

sertoli cells release what hormone during development, function

mullerian-inhibiting substance, stop female development

mesonephric duct forms… (3)

epididymis, ductus deferents, ejaculatory duct

testicles descend through the

inguinal canal

… guides the testes to the scrotum

processus vaginalis

ligament connecting testes and scrotum

gubernaculum

… becomes the layers of the inguinal canal and cover the spermatic cord and testis

processus vaginalis

development: week 7 testis location, week 28 testis location, 1 month old … is gone

retroperitoneal, descending, process vaginalis stalk

2 layers of tunica vaginalis

visceral, perietal

testes measurements: length x width x ap (CM)

3-5, 2-4, 2-3

fibrous capsule surrounding each testicle, form …

tunica albuginea, lobules

thickened portion of the tunica albuginea that provides support, u.a., location

mediastinum testes, hyperechoic line, posterior medial

network of storm al channels, carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to epididymis, u.a.

rete testes, hypo to anechoic

maximum spermatic vein measurement

2 mm

6 testicular scan indications

mass, enlarged, pain, infertility, trauma, undescended

epididymis head max measurement, body max measurement

12 mm, 4 mm

small remnant of müllerian duct, normal location

appendix, epididymis head

testes exocrine function, endocrine function

spermatogenesis, testosterone

scrotal edema: caused by (usually), associated with, us

infection, epididymitis, orchitis, thickened wall

hydrocele: symptom, two types, 4 varieties, u.a.

painless scrotal swelling, acquired (infection, trauma), congenital (processus vaginalis not closed), simple, hydrocele with hernia, hematocele, pyocele, fluid around testicles, may have echoes or septations

which variety of hydrocele may have septations

pyocele

inguinal hernia: cause, ua

bowel protrudes through processus vaginalis, peristalising mass in scrotum

varicocele: 2 types, ua (2)

primary (spermatic vein valve prolapse), secondary (nutcracker syndrome), bag of worms, dilated veins

scrotal calcifications: aka, max size, ua

pearl, 1 cm, echo mass with shadow

extratesticular masses more b/m, intratesticular masses more b/m

b, m