JMU SCOM 122 Final Exam

Linear, Interactive, Transactional

List the three models of communication

messages flow one way from the sender

Describe the linear model of communication

segregated, one way, decoder only receives messages, encoder only sends messages, hierarchical, earliest model

list characteristics of linear communication

sender and receiver take turns sending messages

Describe the interactive model of communication

reciprocity, adds feedback, shared fields of experience, encoder and decoder exchange roles

list characteristics of interactive communication

everyone is always BOTH the sender and receiver

describe the transactional model of communication

mutual feedback, content dimension, relationship dimension, encoders and decoders share role simultaneously

list characteristics of transactional communication

encoder, decoder, message, channel, noise, shared fields of experience, feedback, content and relationship dimension

list the basic elements contained in the three models of communication

sender

encoder

receiver

decoder

the meaning (content) that is encoded, sent, decoded

message

the way the message is sent

channel

interference with encoding, sending, and decoding messages

noise

what a sender and receiver have in common that helps facilitate communication

shared fields of experience

receiver's response to sender once message is decoded

feedback

linear and interactive

an encoder is in what model(s) of communication

the two aspects of a message that are always impacted

content and relationship dimension

linear and interactive

a decoder is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

a message is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

a channel is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

noise is in what model(s) of communication

interactive and transactional

feedback is in what model(s) of communication

interactive and transactional

fields of experience is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

content dimension is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

relationship dimension is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

encoder = decoder is in what model(s) of communication

to inform, to express feelings, to imagine, to influence, to meet social expectations

five purposes of communication

communicating with oneself

intrapersonal

communication between people

interpersonal

communication among 3 or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal

group communication

sender communicates information to an audience

public communication

messages transmitted to many people through print or electronic media

mass communication

to share or exchange meaning, to achieve goals, to build or support relationships

other possible purposes of communication

task dimension

to achieve goals is

relationship dimension

to build or support relationships is

engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context

communication competence

degree of success in achieving goals

effective

follows implicit and explicit rules

appropriate

select, organize, interpret

perception

mental frameworks that create meaningful patterns from stimuli

schema

the most representative or "best" example of something

prototypes

a generalization about a group or category of people

stereotypes

indicate what we are expected to do in a given situation; component of the perceptual schema consists guides commonly practiced behaviors

scripts

our senses, our experiences, socialization

influences on perception

reflected appraisal, significant others, society

describe on (self) perception and self concept

the descriptive component of the two parts of our self perception

self concept

communication and messages from others

where does self concept come from

underlying foundation for all of our communication

self perception

gender, culture, context, mood, past experiences

other influences on (self) perception

the messages our parents give us that contribute to our self concept

self reflected appraisal

situational and dispositional

two types of attributions

message content, choice of channel, and message decoding

perception of others influences

perceive and communicate with others in a biased manner

stereotypes can influence us to

a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable large group of people with a common history

culture

individuals and self-promotion

individualist cultures emphasize

group membership, not personal identity

collectivist cultures emphasize

message content and on personal priorities

individualist cultures focus on

group harmony and well-being of the group

collectivist cultures focus on

low context communication

individualist cultures have

precise and many details

low context communication

high context communication

collectivist cultures have

relies on knowledge of group norms, rules, etc

high context communication

social rank and hierarchy

high power distance has high emphasis on

social rank and hierarchy

low power distance haas little emphasis on

indirect communication

high power distance utilizes

direct communication

low power distance utilizes

relationship dimension

high power distance focuses on

task dimension

low power distance focuses on

nonverbal communication behaviors and interpretations

culture influences

communication styles and choices

cultural values influence

interpersonal communication practices

cultural behaviors influence

seeing our own culture as the center of the universe and other cultures as insignificant or inferior

ethnocentrism

cultural superiority complex

ethnocentrism is also known as a

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts

intercultural communication competence is

intercultural communication competence

what combats ethnocentrism

motivation, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and a tolerance for uncertainty

intercultural communication competence requires what to combat ethnocentrism

desire to foster intercultural relationships

motivation is the

self-monitoring and other-monitoring

mindfulness is the process of

supplementing and revising of existing knowledge to create new categories and not forcing new knowledge into old categories

cognitive flexibility is the

comfort level in uncertain circumstances

tolerance for uncertainty is the

mindfulness, acculturation, uncertainty reduction theory, acculturative stress, divergence, and convergence

components of intercultural communication competence

cultural relativism and multiculturalism

alternatives to ethnocentrism

cultures are merely different, not deficient and should only be judged from within, not compared to others

cultural relativism

social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity and that all social groups should be treated equally and respectfully

multiculturalism

structure, productivity, displacement, and self-reflexiveness

elements common to all languages

rules governing language use

structure

grammar and syntax

two examples of structure

ability to generate new words

productivity

ability to communicate about things beyond here and now or in the past or future

displacement

ability to use language to discuss language

self-reflexiveness

sense of experience, description, inference, judgment

the abstracting process

raw data and perceptions

sense experience

what our senses tell us is real

fact

objective report of our sense experience; we describe or report the facts

description

a neutral conclusion drawn from our facts

inference

an evaluation; assigning value to our facts

judgement

personal understanding of a word; consists of the sum of your personal knowledge, feelings, experiences, and conclusion about what the word refers to

connotative

meaning of words and what the words refer to shared by members of a speech community; objective, nonemotional definitions and meaning of words from the dictionary

denotative

the specialized language of a profession, trade, or group and functions as a kind of verbal shorthand for those with a very specialized shared field of expertise

jargon

breakdown in communication between those who do and don't understand the meaning of the words

jargon compromises communication because its use causes a