MODULE 4 - PART I (copy)

Allergy

hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens

Apocrine

relating to a type of exocrine gland that pinches off at its apical tip to release its secretion

apocrine sweat gland

type of sweat gland located in the axillary and genital regions; these glands enlarge and begin to function at puberty

Appendage

something that is attached

arrector pili

smooth muscles of the skin that are attached to hair follicles; when contraction occurs, the hair stands up, resulting in "goose flesh"

basal cell carcinoma

one of the most common forms of skin cancer, usually occurring on upper face, with low potential for metastasizing

basement membrane

the connective tissue layer of the serous membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells

Blackhead

sebum that accumulates, darkens, and enlarges some of the ducts of the sebaceous glands; also known as a comedo

Blister

a baglike fluid-filled elevation of the skin caused by an irritant such as heat, friction, or a chemical

Burn

an injury to tissues resulting from contact with heat, chemicals, electricity, friction, or radiant and electromagnetic energy; classified into four categories depending on the number of tissue layers involved

Bursa (pl., bursae)

small, cushionlike sac found alongside joints, cushioning moving bones

Comedo

inflamed, plugged sebaceous gland duct, common in acne conditions; also called a blackhead

connective tissue membrane

one of the two major types of body membranes composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue

cosmetic surgery

surgical medical specialty focused on improving one's appearance

Cosmetician

worker who specializes in the manufacture, sale, or application of makeup or other products that affect one's appearance

cutaneous membrane

primary organ of the integumentary system; the skin

Cuticle

skinfold covering the root of the nail

Cyanosis

bluish appearance of the skin caused by deficient oxygenation of the blood

Dehydration

excessive loss of body water; the most common fluid imbalance; an abnormally low volume of one or more body fluids

dermal papilla (pl., papillae)

tiny bumps in the upper region of the dermis that forms part of the dermal-epidermal junction and produces the ridges and grooves of fingerprints

dermal-epidermal junction

junction between the thin epidermal layer of the skin and the dermal layer providing support for the epidermis

Dermatology

medical specialty that deals with skin health

Dermis

the deeper of the two major layers of the skin, composed of dense fibrous connective tissue interspersed with glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels; sometimes called the true skin

Eccrine

relating to an exocrine gland with secretory cells that release secretions by exocytosis without losing part of the cell, as occurs in apocrine glands

eccrine sweat gland

any of a group of small sweat glands distributed over the total body surface

Epidermis

"false" skin; outermost layer of the skin

epithelial membrane

membrane composed of epithelial tissue with an underlying layer of connective tissue

first-degree burn

minor burn causing only minimal discomfort and no blistering; the epidermis may peel but no dermal injury occurs

Follicle

a pocketlike structure, such as the cylindrical pocket from which a hair grows or fluid-filled sacs in the thyroid gland or ovary

fourth-degree burn

a full-thickness burn that destroys both dermis and epidermis and also extends below the subcutaneous tissue to damage underlying tissues such as muscles or bone

full-thickness burn

burn that (1) destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (see third-degree burn) and (2) extends below skin and subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle and bone (see fourth-degree burn)

hair follicle

a small tube where hair growth occurs

hair papilla

a small cap-shaped cluster of cells located at the base of the follicle where hair growth begins

Hypodermis

the loose, ordinary (areolar) tissue just under the skin and superficial to the muscles; also called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia

Immunology

study of the immune system and its actions; medical specialty that treats disorders of immune function

Integument

the skin

integumentary system

the skin; the largest and most important organ in the body

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

a malignant neoplasm (cancer) of the skin characterized by purplish spots

Keratin

protein substance found in hair, nails, outer skin cells, and horny tissues

lamellar corpuscle (Pacini corpuscle)

sensory receptor with a layered encapsulation found deep in the dermis that detects pressure on the skin surface; also called Pacini corpuscle

lamina propria

fibrous connective tissue underlying the epithelium in mucous membranes

Lanugo

the extremely fine, soft hair found on a newborn infant

Liposuction

medical procedure in which adipose tissue is removed from the body by a suction device

Lunula

crescent-shaped white area under the proximal nail bed

Malignant

cancerous

Melanin

brown skin pigment

Melanocyte

specialized cells in the skin that produce the dark brown pigment melanin

Melanoma

a malignant neoplasm (cancer) of the pigment-producing cells of the skin (melanocytes); also called malignant melanoma

Membrane

hin layer or sheet

mucocutaneous junction

the transitional area where the skin and mucous membrane meet

mucous membrane

epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secrete a thick, slippery material called mucus

Mucus

thick, slippery material that is secreted by the mucous membrane and keeps the membrane moist

nail body

the visible part of the nail

Parietal

relating to the walls of an organ or cavity

partial-thickness burn

term used to describe both minor burn injury (see first-degree burn) and more severe burns that injure both epidermis and dermis (see second-degree burn)

Pericardium (pl., pericardia)

membrane surrounding the heart

Peritoneum

large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal layer) and its organs (visceral layer)

Peritonitis

inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity; sometimes a serious complication of an infected appendix

perspiration (sweat)

transparent, watery liquid released by glands in the skin that eliminates ammonia and uric acid and helps maintain body temperature

Pigment

colored substance

Pleura (pl., pleurae)

the serous membrane in the thoracic cavity that lines each pleural cavity and covers the lungs

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

Pore

pinpoint-size opening on the skin that serves as the outlet of a small duct from the eccrine sweat glands

reconstructive surgery

surgical medical specialization focusing on rebuilding damaged or dysfunctional body parts

rule of nines

a frequently used method to determine the extent of a burn injury; the body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each and 1% for the perineum to help estimate the amount of skin surface burned in an adult

sebaceous gland

oil-producing gland found in the skin

Sebum

secretion of sebaceous glands

second-degree burn

a partial-thickness burn injury that is more severe than a first-degree burn and often involves damage to the dermis

serous membrane

a two-layered epithelial membrane that lines body cavities and covers the surfaces of organs

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the epidermis; slow-growing cancer that is capable of metastasizing; the most common type of skin cancer

stratum corneum

the tough outer layer of the epidermis; cells are filled with keratin

stratum germinativum

the innermost of the tightly packed epithelial cells of the epidermis; cells in this layer are able to reproduce themselves

subcutaneous injection

administration of substances into the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin

subcutaneous tissue

tissue below the layers of skin; made up of loose connective tissue and lipid

sudoriferous (sweat) gland

sweat gland

superficial fascia

hypodermis; subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis

sweat gland

exocrine gland that produces sweat

synovial fluid

the thick, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

synovial membrane

connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid

tactile corpuscle (Meissner corpuscle)

large, encapsulated sensory neuron of the skin for light or discriminative touch; also known as the Meissner corpuscle

third-degree burn

involves complete destruction of both epidermis and dermis with injury extending into subcutaneous tissue; see full-thickness burn

Visceral

relating to internal organs (viscera)

are a readily available source of energy, supplying 4 kcalories per gram

monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides;

Carbohydrates can be classified by their chemical composition, as (name the 3)

glycemic index,

carbohydrates can also be classified by their physiological effect on levels of glucose in the blood using a measure called the _

Foods such as white flour or purified starches are often referred to as refined carbohydrates

refining tends to reduce the amount of vitamins, minerals, or dietary fibre.

Unrefined food sources of carbohydrate such as whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit, and milk contain a variety of nutrients in addition to carbohydrates.

refined sources of carbohydrate, such as the corn flakes, a common breakfast cereal, are made from corn that has been ground, sieved, washed, cooked, extruded, and dried

When we eat the entire kernel or seed of a grain, such as corn or wheat, we are eating an unrefined or whole-grain product.

The outermost bran layers contain most of the fibre and are also a good source of vitamins.

The germ, which lies at the base of the kernel, is the plant embryo where sprouting occurs. This germ is the source from which we obtain the commonly used vegetable oils such as corn or safflower oil. It is also rich in vitamin E and contains protein, fibre, and the B vitamins riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B6.

The remainder of the kernel is the endosperm, which is primarily starch but also contains most of the protein and some vitamins and minerals.

) Cereals are plants that are members of the grass family. A kernel of wheat contains outer layers of bran, the plant embryo (germ) and a carbohydrate-rich endosperm. All cereals grains have similar structures

Pseudocereals are seeds from plants that are not members of the grass family, but can be used like grain seeds.

White flour, however, is produced from just the endosperm, so fibre and some vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals naturally found in the whole grain are therefore lost.

Whole-grain flours such as whole-grain wheat flour include most of the bran, germ, and endosperm

. Fortified or enriched grains contain added thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron, and are fortified with folate. However, they do not contain added vitamin E, magnesium, vitamin B6, or a number of other nutrients that are also removed by milling.

_ grains, which are members of the grass family of plants, are a major source of carbohydrates in the human diet