Psychology 2e unit 2 exam - Chapter 3 & 6

Mutation

A sudden permanent change in a sequence of DNA

Genotype vs Phenotype

Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is physical characteristics

Epigenetics

Study of genes and their expression

Number of chromosome pairs in humans

23 pairs

Dendrites

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Agonist

Mimics or facilitates activity of a neurotransmitter

Myelin sheath

Part of neuron that breaks down in multiple sclerosis

Action potential ion movement

Na+ moves inside cell; K+ moves outside cell

Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary movements

Parasympathetic nervous system

Activated when body is at rest and relaxed

Central nervous system

Comprised of brain and spinal cord

Sympathetic activation

Associated with pupil dilation and increased heart rate

Thalamus

Sensory relay station for all senses except smell

Wernicke’s Area

Damaged area disrupts comprehension but not speech production

MRI

Uses magnetic fields to create images of tissue

Substantia nigra

Not a forebrain structure

Pancreatic hormones

Glucagon and insulin

Pituitary gland

Secretes hormones that direct other endocrine glands

Adrenal gland

Secretes epinephrine

Fluid regulation gland

Adrenal gland regulates body fluids

Reflex example in humans

Infant sucking on a nipple

Definition of learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Associative learning types

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Stimulus occurs before behavior and is paired with it

Neutral stimulus

Does not initially elicit a response

Stimulus generalization

Learns fear of similar stimuli like Little Albert

Extinction

Conditioned stimulus presented without unconditioned stimulus repeatedly

Conditioned responses

Pavlov’s psychic secretions

Positive punishment

Removal of pleasant stimulus to stop behavior

Primary reinforcer exception

Money is not a primary reinforcer

Shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Slot machine reinforcement

Variable ratio schedule

Model

Person who performs behavior as an example

Bobo doll response

Children kicked and threw the doll after observing aggression

Modeling process order

Attention

Observational learning theorist

Albert Bandura