Biochemistry Test

Hydroxyl

ex. In Alcohol - EN 1.4

Aldehyde

ex. In Fragrences - EN 0.9

Ketone

ex. In low-carb diets - EN 1.4

Carboxyl

ex. Acid - EN 1

Amino

ex. Amino Acids- EN 0.8

Sulfhydryl

ex. Protein hemoglobin- EN 0.4

Phosphate

ex. Genetic Material of DNA- EN 1.3

Methyl

ex. Methanol- EN 0.4

Carbohydrates

Stores energy for cellular work, Elements - CHO, Monomer - Monosaccharides, Polymer - Polysaccharides

Lipids

Store energy in protective cell walls, Elements - CHO

Proteins

Functions - Structure, defense, movement, transport, storage, regulation, Elements - CHNO, Monomers - Alpha carbon, amino groups, carboxyl, R groups, Polymer - Polypeptide

Nucleic Acids

DNA stores hereditary information and the body proteins + RNA carriers DNA for protein synthesis, Elements - CHONP, Monomer - Nucleotides, Polymer - DNA, RNA

Cohesion

the sticking together of particles of the same substance

Adhesion

the sticking together of particles of different substances

Polar covalent bond

a chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, creating a partial negative charge on the atom that attracts electrons more strongly and a partial positive charge on the atom that attracts them less

Ionic bond

When an electron transfers from one atom to another, making one of them negative and the other positive, which makes them have a strong attraction to each other

Electronegativity

the strength of attraction an element has to electrons, ED>0.4 it is a polar covalent bond, ED>2 it is an ionic bond, if ED<0.4 it is a nonpolar covalent bond

Electronegativity difference

the difference in electronegativity between two atoms which determines if they have a nonpolar covalent bond, polar covalent bond, or ionic bond

Non-polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the shared electrons are shared equally

Surface tension

the "skin-like" film on the surface of a liquid caused by cohesive forces holding it together, and the adhesive forces holding it up

Capillary action

the movement of liquid against gravity, due to adhesion and cohesion

Hydrogen bond

the charged regions of water molecules create weak attractions to other molecules