[LEC] CHAPTER 1 PART 1

Review of Important Concepts

RX

RX

alkyl halide

ROH

alcohol

ROR’

ether

RCHO

aldehyde

RCOR’

ketone

RCOOH

carboxylic acid

RCOOR’

ester

RCOOCOR’

acid anhydride

RCOX

acyl chloride

RSO3H

sulphonic acid

RNO2

nitro alkane

RNH2

amine

RCONH2

amide

open-chain

linear structure or not cyclic

cyclic

ring structure

mono, bi, tricyclo

classified based on number of rings

homocyclic and heterocyclic

classified based on ring atoms

PHENOL

CATECHOL

XYLENE (O, M, P)

BENZOIC ACID

ANILINE

RESORCINOL

CRESOL (O, M, P)

SALICYLIC ACID

TOLUENE

HYDROQUINONE

BENZALDEHYDE

ANTHRANILIC ACID

PYRROLE

IMIDAZOLE

PYRIDINE

PIPERIDINE

PIPERAZINE

FURAN

OXAZOLE

PYRAZINE

QUINOLINE

ISOQUINOLINE

THIOPHENE

THIAZOLE

PYRIMIDINE

INDOLE

PURINE

CONJUGATED

2 or more c-c double bonds separated by single bonds (alternating)

SATURATED

contains c-c bonds which are purely single bonds

UNSATURATED

at least 1 c-c double or triple bond

ALPHA CARBON

carbon attached to a functional group

VINYLIC/OLEFINIC CARBON

carbon directly holding a double bond

ALLYLIC CARBON

carbon positioned next to a vinylic carbon

BENZYLIC CARBON

carbon positioned next to a benzene

ORTHO

1, 2 placement around a benzene ring

META

1, 3 placement around a benzene ring

PARA

1, 4 placement around a benzene ring

POLAR

water-soluble

NON-POLAR

lipid-soluble

S-IBUPROFEN

isomer A, more potent

RR-IBUPROFEN

isomer B, less potent

one is more potent

s-ibuprofen and r-ibuprofen

both have different uses

quinine and quinidine

QUININE

isomer A, antimalarial

QUINIDINE

isomer B, anti-arrhythmic

one has activity and one has none

cisplatin and transplatin

CISPLATIN

isomer A, active

TRANSPLATIN

isomer B, inactive

one has activity and one is toxic

r-thalidomide and s-thalidomide

R-THALIDOMIDE

isomer A, antiemetic

S-THALIDOMIDE

isomer B, causes birth defects

ABSORPTION

entry of drug from site of administration to the bloodstream