CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM

TRUE

Living things consist of atom of different elements

92, 14

there are ___ naturally occurring elements. ______ more are created in the laboratory.

Abundant Elements in Major Lifeforms

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Iron.

Macromolecules

synthesis and polymerization forms functional building blocks:Proteins,CHO, Nucleic acids

glucose

water

amino

what are the basic functional molecule?

molecule

two or more atoms joined together?

covalent bond, ionic bond, and hydrogen bond

Molecules can be simple (water) or complex (DNA) mixture of atoms. These atoms are joined together by bonds:

covalent bond

Formed when atoms share electron._________ bond is extremely stable. Need high energy to break

ionic bond

Formed by the attraction between oppositely charged molecules. The bond is not as strong as covalent.

hydrogen bond

Formed when hydrogen atoms are shared between two molecules. Hydrogen bonds are weak

- proteins

- carbohydrates

- nucleic acids

- polysaccharides

Are functional groups of molecules bonded together to form compounds of special functions:

assembly of building blocks

a process of growth and consists of numerous reactions catalyze by enzymes.

false ; water

Carbon act as an agent for hydrogen bonding. Supplies H+ and OH- for completion of respiration

true

True or False
Water's polarity makes it an excellent solute for chemical reaction.

hydrophilic

water-soluble molecules are:

hydrophobic

water-insoluble are:

hydrophobic interaction

the "clumping" of nonpolar molecules is called:

Bergey's manual

preferred reference in identifying microorganisms

phenotypic traits

the basis for early classification was the ____________ ________ of bacteria.

eukaryotic

having a true nucleus

prokaryotic

lacking true nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures

Prokaryotes

-Single celled organisms. All bacteria.

-DNA not enclosed: Lack nuclear membrane

-lack histones

-No mitochondria (enzymes in cell membrane)

- lack golgi apparatus

-Ribosomes 70S

- Cytoskeleton absent

- Cell wall of peptidoglycan

- Absence of cilia/presence of flagella

- Presence of pilli on some

- Division by binary fission, asexual

Eukaryotes

-Single (amoeba, etc) and multicell (plant, animals)

-DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane

-Presence of histones

-Energy synthesizing enzymes in mitochondria

-Has Golgi apparatus

-80S in cytoplasm 70S in organelles

-Cytoskeleton present

-Cellulose or chitin on plant and fungal

-Present on some (paramecium)

-Absence

-Mitotic or meiotic, sexual or asexual

Classifications and Nomenclature

The first letter in the genus is

Capitalized. The species is written in

small letters. Subtype can be

numbers.

Carl Linnaeus

- 18th century taxonomist

•classified organisms by their structure

•developed the naming system called binomial nomenclature, which is still used today

• Based on the dead language called

LATIN

• called the "father of taxonomy"

archaebacteria

eubacteria

plants

fungi

protist

animals

6 kingdom classification system

Autotrophs

Make their own foods by photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

can't make their own foods.

must eat other organisms

Virology

study of viruses

Parasitology

study of parasites: protozoa & helminths

Mycology

Study of yeast and fungi

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria

Phycology

Study of algae or more specific micro-algae

Bacteria and archaea

- Microscopic, single celled (unicellular), prokaryotic.

- Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

- About 3000 species. Only close to 10% are pathogens.

- Modern bacteria (= Eubacteria): common.

Archaea

ancient bacteria capable of utilizing unusual source for growth, found in unusual habitats (extreme)

Deinococcus sp.

Archaea bacteria that is found in radioactive waste water.

Methanegens

found in petrols and organic solvents.

Stearothermophilus sp.

This Archae bacteria is found in hot water

FUNGI

▪ Eukaryotic. Habitat: water, soil, decaying matter.

▪ Facultative or obligate anaerobes.

▪ Mostly chemotrophic saprophyte (live on dead organic matters) capable of

producing extracellular enzymes.

▪ Pathogenic to animals and plants.

▪ Have rigid cell wall.

▪ Lack photosynthesis.

▪ Some produce antibiotics.

▪ Growth forms: Yeast and Molds

Yeast

▪ Unicellular growth of fungi.

▪ Spherical to ellipsoidal 3-5 um. May

produce capsule (slime layer).

▪ Reproduce by budding. When growing

as yeast, no spores will be formed.

▪ Produce colony 0.5-3 mm, pasty,

opaque, cream colored or pigmented.

Cannot be ascertain based on

morphology

Molds

form of growth refers to the production

of wooly mycelium filamentous colonies (aerial

growth), and hyphae (subterranean growth).

▪ Characteristic branching, cylindrical tubules.

Can be septated or aseptated (coenocytic).

Mycelial growth

can produce fruiting bodies

(conidiophores/sporangiophores) This is

asexual reproduction. Some fungi are capable

of sexual reproduction (Karyogamy)

Molds

Identification can be based on microscopic

morphology of fruiting bodies,

mycelium/hyphae type.

▪ Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of the Family

Basidiomycetes.

Dimorphism

The ability of some species of

fungi to grow in more than one form under

different environment.

Ajeliomyces capsulatus

Histoplasmosis or known as

Aspergillus

sinus, ear, lung infection

Microsporium sp.

Various ringworms.

Verticillium sp.

Pathogenic and toxic Fungi that makes Plant wilt

Monilinia fructicola

Brown Rot of Peaches

Importance of fungi in food industries

▪ Persistent contaminant for soil related

product.

▪ Production of amatoxins and

phallotoxins (potent: by poisonous

mushrooms).

▪ Aflatoxin/mycotoxin from fungi

contaminated agricultural and poultry

products.

▪ Food spoilage associated with moisture

content.

Botrytis cinerea

Storage rot in grapes caused by

Botrytis cinerea

Storage rot in strawberry caused by

Penicilliumi spp. (also by Fusarium spp.)

Blue mould rot in tomato caused by

Guignardia bidwellii

Black mummy rot of grapes caused

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Watery soft rot in apple caused

Penicillium digitatum

Blue mould on oranges caused by

Penicellium species

cheeses; blue, brie, camembert, gorgonzola, limburger, roquefort

Saccharomyces carisbergensis and Saccharomyces cervisiae

beer,wine

Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizophus species, and Mucor species

soy products: miso, soy sauce, tempeh (indonesian), tofu (japanese

Ashbya gossypii

produces vitamin B, a nutritional supplement

viruses

▪ Particles of proteins (capsid ) and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA )

▪ Inactive or inert virion (non living outside of living host) active in living host cells. Can remain inactive for a long time.

▪ Obligatory parasites: requires to be in a living host cells to survive.

have specific receptors, DNA or RNA injected, inserts into host DNA, synthesis of viral particles, assembly of particles, then cell lysis

host infection process

bacteriophage

a virus small enough to infect bacteria

Bacteriophage T-4

this infects E. coli

protozoa

1. Protozoa are unicellular (eukaryotic) or acellular organisms which are capable of performing all the vital functions of life.

2. Protozoan is measured in microns (size vary from 2-150 p).

3. Cytoplasmic extension in form of pseudopodia, flagellae or cilia are responsible for locomotion.

4. Nucleus may be compact with diffuse chromatin or vesicular with central or eccentric karyosome (DNA) and peripheral chromatin (RNA).

5. Respiration is mostly anaerobic.

6. Secretion: Protozoa secrete digestive enzymes, toxins, cytolysin and antigenic substances.

7. Reproduction: may be asexual or

amoeboids

classification of protozoa based on mode of locomotion: pseudopodia

ciliates

classification of protozoa based on mode of locomotion: cilia

sporozoa

classification of protozoa based on mode of locomotion: non-motile

flagellates

classification of protozoa based on mode of locomotion: flagella

helminths

- are macroscopic, multicellular, eukaryotic worms

- Lack digestive system (or greatly reduced)

- Lacking or reduced locomotion

- Reduced nervous system

- Reproductive systems and life cycles are complex

- Intermediate hosts are often needed to support larval stages

round worms (nemalthelminths) and flat worms (platyhelminths)

helminths are divided into:

class nematoda

class of under round worms (nemalthelminths)

class trematoda (flukes) and class cestoda (tape worms)

class of under flat worms (platyhelminths)

phycology

the study or science of algae

chlorophyll, thalloid, autotrophic

algae are _________-bearing, simple, ______(undifferentiated and luck vascular tissues) and __________

vegetative(fragmentation), asexual (zoospore), and sexual (fusion of gamete)

reproduction of algae

one

the sex organs are generally ____ celled, without any sterile jacket

The gametes may be isogamous (as in Chlamydomonas), anisogamous (

or oogamous (as in Volvox, Fucus).

vegetative(fragmentation), asexual (zoospore), and sexual (fusion of gamete)

reproduction of algae

one

the sex organs are generally ____ celled, without any sterile jacket

The gametes may be isogamous (as in Chlamydomonas), anisogamous (

or oogamous (as in Volvox, Fucus).

vegetative(fragmentation), asexual (zoospore), and sexual (fusion of gamete)

Types of reproduction of algae

one

the sex organs are generally ____ celled, without any sterile jacket

The gametes may be isogamous (as in Chlamydomonas), anisogamous (

or oogamous (as in Volvox, Fucus).

vegetative(fragmentation), asexual (zoospore), and sexual (fusion of gamete)

reproduction of algae

one

the sex organs are generally ____ celled, without any sterile jacket

isogamous (chlamydomonas), anisogamous or oogamous (volvox, fucus)

the gametes may be ____, _____ or ______

chlorophyta

classification of algae: green algae

Phaeophyta

classification of algae: brown algae

pyrrophyta

classification of algae: dinoflagellates

chrysophyta

classification of algae: diatoms

rhodophyta

classification of algae: red algae

euglenophyta

classification of algae: euglenoids

proteobacteria

Characteristics:

gram-negative, diverse group capable

of numerous biochemical pathways

example:

soil bacterium capable converting ammonium to nitrate

chlamydias

Characteristics:

parasites on animal cells, gram-negative

example:

bacterium causing blindness and urethritis

spirochetes

Characteristics:

helical heterotrophs

example:

syphilis-causing bacterium

cyanobacteria

Identify the group of bacteria this belongs

Characteristics: photoautotrophs

example:

important planktonic organism in oceans

gram-positive bacteria

Characteristics:

gram-positve, diverse group important both ecologically and in human disease

example:

soil bacteria used to produce the antibiotic streptomycin

proteobacteria

Largest, most physiologically diverse group of bacteria. At least five subdivisions. Three subdivisions have phototrophic members; many are heterotrophs or chemolithotrophs, such as Sulfur oxidizers, sulfur reducers, nitrate/nitrite oxidizers; etc. Very diverse, and most highly evolved group.

cyanobacteria

Heterogeneous group. Characterized by oxygen-evolving photosynthesis, the presence of chlorophylls and phycobiliproteins.