Notes and Outlines

What is the general order of the early civilizations?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Americas

What does an early civilization have?

settled agriculture, cities, government and officials, and handwriting

(DOES NOT HAVE TO HAVE A DEMOCRACY)

Where were the first civilizations?

along the water

What is the main key of an early civilization?

they are no longer nomadic; they have settled for generations

The Mesopotamian society was by _____ and ____ rivers

Euphrates and Tigris

What was the name of the fist law code by the Mesopotamian's

Hammurabi's Code (1700s BC)

What was the name of the first writing developed? (Mesopotamia)

Cuneiform - a symbolic handwriting system (hard to read)

What are the characteristics of the Mesopotamian society?

They mad many rulers: kings, nobles, priests, farmers, craftsman, and slaves (organized labor at the Ziggurat of Ur). Babylon was the center of the early kingdom and had Polytheistic religion with sacrifices.

What was the next civilization - Egypt known for?

the nile river, pharaohs, living along the river south to north, the PHARAOHS UNITED the people, political and religious leaders, CAPITAL = Memphis, and had handwritings: Hieroglyphics

Citizens: nobles, priests, farmers, laborers, and slaves

What was the second hand writing to come about by Egypt?

- every word has a symbol making it hard to read and write

Hieroglyphics

What was the third civilization to come?

india

What was India known for?

Indus River, Aryan tribe and society (they had LARGE migration into India) bringing in new religion and language, reincarnation & karma, has symbolic writing system

Who becomes the new ruling class in India once they migrate in?

Aryan tribe

What was the fourth early civilization?

China

What was society like in China?

Shang dynasty forms along yellow river and had kings down to slaves

How was writing developed in China?

oracle bones

(write down a question then them shake them on the map and the gods would answer)

What was the fifth and final early civilization developed?

Americas

Who developed the Americas?

the olmecs

What was the society like of the Americas?

some cities had kings but were run by Nobel elites and known for child sacrifices

What is a western civilization?

begins by the Mediterranean Sea, western way of looking at the world, a cultural & social & political way of looking

What came after the early civilizations?

Greece

What are the two early greek civilizations?

Minoan and Mycenaean

The Minoan's were on the island of...

crete

The Mycenaean's were on the...

mainland

What were the Minoan's known for?

building palaces with kings, trade, colorful artwork

What were the Mycenaean's known for?

huge walls for protection, materialistic, pottery, conqures Crete, strong kingdom and military

What was the geography of Greece like?

mountainous

What were the limitations of Greece due to the terrain?

they could not supply a large population - very small and independent towns

Which one of the early Greek civilizations did not last as long?

Minoans

What was the greek language?

a phonetic alphabet

Was the greek language easier to learn?

yes - sounds instead of symbols

What is Greek culture based on?

polis

What was the Greek religion?

polytheistic - civic oriented - gods guard the polis (for the group - not individual)

What are some of the popular gods of the Greek religion?

Zeus (king of the gods), Hera (queen of the gods), Athena (wisdom), and Poseidon (sea)

The order of the universe was based on ____ and ____ for the Greeks

tradition; divine laws

What two places are the most famous religious sites for the Greeks?

Mt. Olympus and Delphi

At Delphi _____ answers questions through ____

Oracle; Apollo

The Greeks believed that some truth was based on _______ from _____ and through ______ to understand the world

traditions, oracles; reason (philosophy)

What two things does Homer write?

Illid and the Odyssey

What Greek values did Homer write about?

military glory as the highest virtue;

human, gods, and fate

What is a polis?

A Greek city, independent, governed by male citizens, no higher authority, an acropolis, and a wall around it

What is an acropolis?

a hill in the middle of the city where the gods are

A polis contains male citizens, female citizens, and non citizens: How is someone a citizen?

Both parents are citizens; noncitizens cannot become citizens

What defines a male citizen?

farmers, merchants, craftsman

can own property

can participate in government

What defines a female citizen?

cannot own property

Does not participate in government

must work at home

What defines a non-citizen?

free laborers or slaves

no property

not protected by laws

WHAT IS THE POLIS OF ATHENS? (main temple of the city in Athens)

The parthenon

What is Athens known for?

democracy, trade, culture, and large populations of 40,000 adult male citizens, open cities

Where is Sparta? (geographic)

Isolated in the mountains

What is Sparta known for?

30,000 citizens (smaller), no trade, no non-citizens (closed), best military (begins conquest of neighbors), more Helots than Spartans

What were Helots to the Spartans?

people enslaved by the Spartans to farm land

What type of government only starts in Greece?

democracy

Before Athens was a democracy it was a ___ - rule by a few rich people

oligarchy

What council met in Athens - to talk about rich land owners

Areopagus

What problem was the council of Areopagus talking about?

the social crisis

What was the social crisis of 594 BC?

farmers could not pay high debts and there were harsh debt laws; rich were trying to run them out

What was the popular assembly?

open to all male citizens, made laws, a court, and elected officials

What did Solon decided to do about this social crisis?

ended debt slavery, made a new law code, and began minting coins

What crisis in Athens led to democracy? and what action?

Social crisis of 594 BC - the popular assembly

What was the Greek democracy?

an assembly of the male citizens of polis - directed, limited, no professional politicians

Why did the Persian Wars began?

a revolt by the Greeks inside the Persian Empire - they wanted independence

The Persian Empire ruled from ___ to ___ _____ to _____

India, Asia Minor, Egypt

Who wants to punish Athens for avoiding the revolts?

Darius

What was a Greek method for warfare?

Hoplites and the Phalanx

What is a Hoplite?

a greek soldier - with spears and shields

What is a Phalanx?

row of hoplites - a square military formation - next man up fills the gaps

List the order from earliest to latest of these events:

Battle of Theromopylae

Battle of Salamis

Bridge over Hellespont

Persians burn down Athens

Battle of Marathon

Battle of Marathon

Bridge over Hellespont

Battle of Thermopylae

Persians burn down Athens

Battle of Salamis

What happens at the Battle of Marathon?

the first greek victory over the Persians came

Who builds a bridge over Hellespont and invades again by land and sea?

Xerxes - king of Persian Empire

Xerxes and the ____ invasion of Greece

second

What happens at the Battle of Thermopylae?

Spartans are defeated; build a wall around and attack from behind

The ____ owned the Trireme (a ship)

Athens

What battle is the turning point won by Athen's navy - the Persians retreat and are driven out of Greece?

Battle of Salamis

What were the three significant things of the Persian Wars?

Greece is not apart of the Persian Empire, democracy survives, and cultural flourishing begins

What happens after the Persian wars to the Greek culture?

Greek democracy flourishes, Parthenon built on the Acropolis, and theaters start to develop

What civilization survives after the Persian wars?

The Greeks

Who was Aeschylus?

He was the first play write; first one to use actors and a chorus (killed by a falling turtle)

What famous play is Aeschylus known for?

Orestia

Who is Sophocles? What plays is he known for?

he is the most famous known for Oedipus plays (Rex)

Who was Herodotus?

the first Greek historian

What does Herodotus write about?

the Persian Wars

What is the focus of the greek history - when it comes to gods and humans?

focus is on humans - not the gods.

What does greek history use - what is the main goal to be taught?

speeches; goal to teach moral lessons

Who is the father of Medicine?

Hippocrates

What did Hippocrates believe about sickness? What restore sickness?

that sickness is a natural problem with a natural solution. Health is seen as a balance; sickness is an imbalance. Medicine restores this balance.

What was Plato's philosophy on truth?

truth does not change yet in our world - there must be an unchanging world where truth is found. Seek the unchanging world of truth.

What is the Republic?

the best government is by the few who know the truth

What does Aristotle's philosophy on truth?

truth is known by studying THIS world; knowing the what

promotes science

What was the politics of the greek democracy?

the best government is a democracy of the middle class

What two groups come out of the greek cities and what is their known geographical area (land or sea)?

Athens (sea) and Sparta (land)

What two groups were fighting in the Peloponnesian war?

Athens and Sparta

What two results came from the Peloponnesian war?

a plague that kills 1/3 of the people in Athens (430); Athens votes to invade Sicily (415)

Who's navy is destroyed at Syracuse in Sicily?

Athens

Who won the Peloponnesian war?

Sparta

What were the two effects of the Peloponnesian war?

decline of democracy and the economy; the rise of the kingdom Macedonia

Philip; a king of Macedon is asked to settle disputes over ____

Delphi

Who then conquers Greece?

Philip

What is Alexander the Great known for?

Conquering the Persian Empire

Alexander the Great's march is from Greece to ___ to _____

Egypt; India

Alexander the Great creates a Greek Empire causing what to end?

polis