P.E EXAM unit 1

Musculoskeletal System

Combination of skeletal and muscular systems.

Joints

Connections where two or more bones meet.

Tendons

Structures linking muscles to bones.

Ligaments

Structures linking bones to other bones.

Cartilage

Protective gel preventing friction between bones.

Blood Cell Production

Process of creating platelets and blood cells.

Support

Framework providing shape and maintaining posture.

Storage

Reservoir for minerals and energy fuels.

Protection

Safeguarding vital organs like brain and heart.

Axial Skeleton

Includes skull

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes limbs and pelvic girdle.

Vertebral Column

Structure protecting the spinal cord.

Fixed Joints

Immovable joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Slightly movable joints

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints

Synovial Fluid

Lubricating fluid in synovial joints.

Anatomical Position

Standard position for describing body parts.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right sections.

Frontal Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior sections.

Joint Actions

Movements resulting from muscle contractions.

Anatomical Terms

Terms describing location and movement of body.

Anatomical Movement

Movement patterns of the body during activities.

Joint Actions movements..

Movements occurring at joints during physical activity.

Involuntary Muscles

Muscles that operate without conscious control.

Voluntary Muscles

Muscles controlled consciously for movement.

Muscle Contraction

Shortening of muscle fibers to produce movement.

Muscle Relaxation

Lengthening of muscle fibers when tension is absent.

Static Contraction

Isometric contraction to maintain posture.

Muscle Functions

Movement

Nervous Control

Nerve stimuli regulate muscle actions.

Excitability

Muscles respond to stimuli to initiate movement.

Contractility

Muscles can thicken and shorten upon contraction.

Extensibility

Muscles stretch when a force is applied.

Elasticity

Muscles return to original size after stretching.

Atrophy

Muscle size decreases due to inactivity or injury.

Hypertrophy

Muscle size increases with increased activity.

Tendons

Connect skeletal muscles to bones.

Origin

Fixed attachment point of a muscle.

Insertion

Moving attachment point of a muscle.

Epimysium

Connective tissue encasing the entire muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.

Endomysium

Connective tissue encasing individual muscle fibers.

Sarcoplasm

Gel-like fluid within muscle fibers.

Myoglobin

Transports oxygen from blood to muscle.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Stores calcium ions for muscle contraction.

Mitochondria

Generate ATP

Myofibrils

Contractile units within muscle fibers.

Sarcomere

Contractile unit between Z lines in myofibrils.

Myosin Filaments

Thick filaments with cross bridges for contraction.

Actin Filaments

Thin filaments that interact with myosin.

Sliding Filament Theory

Myofilaments slide across each other during contraction.

Circular Muscles

Arranged around an opening; decrease size when contracting.

Convergent Muscles

Broad base converging to a single attachment point.

Parallel Muscles

Arranged in parallel; shorten more but less force.

Pennate Muscles

Shorter fibres with more individual fibres for strength.

Unipennate Muscle

Fascicles on one side of the tendon.

Bipennate Muscle

Fascicles insert into tendon from both sides.

Multipennate Muscle

Fascicles insert on multiple tendons to a common tendon.

Fusiform Muscles

Fibre length equals muscle length; fast contractions.

Slow Twitch Fibres

Type I; high oxidative capacity for endurance.

Fast Twitch Fibres

Type II; rapid force production for high intensity.

Muscle Fibre Composition

Mix of fibre types varies by genetics and training.

Adaptation to Training

Muscle fibres can adapt but not convert types.

Skeletal Muscle Types

Two main types: slow twitch and fast twitch.

Force Production

Determined by muscle fibre arrangement and type.

Muscle Fibre Arrangement

Influences force and speed of muscle contractions.

Characteristics of Fast Twitch

Suited for high-intensity activities like sprinting.

Characteristics of Slow Twitch

Suited for endurance activities like marathons.

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Motor Neuron

Transmits signals from brain to muscles for movement.

Sensory Neurons

Conduct impulses from muscles to the brain.

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and its innervated muscle fibres.

Neuromuscular Junction

Connection point between motor neuron and muscle fibre.

All or Nothing Principle

Muscle fibres contract maximally or not at all.

Size Principle

Motor units recruited from smallest to largest.

Fine Motor Units

Small motor units for precise movements like writing.

Gross Motor Units

Large motor units for powerful movements like running.

Motor Unit Recruitment

Process of activating more motor units for force.

Reciprocal Inhibition

Process where agonists and antagonists work together.

Agonists

Muscles that contract to create movement.

Antagonists

Muscles that oppose the action of agonists.

Stabilizers

Muscles that support and stabilize joints during movement.

Impulse Threshold

Minimum signal strength needed to activate motor unit.

Motor Control

Coordination of muscle movements via nervous system.

Muscle Fibre Types

Different types of fibres affecting performance and endurance.

Force Generation

Depends on number and size of activated motor units.

Precision of Movement

Determined by size of motor units involved.

Muscle Control Continuum

Range of muscle control from fine to gross movements.

Activation Threshold

Level of stimulation required for muscle contraction.

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Agonist

Prime mover muscle that contracts during movement.

Antagonist

Muscle that relaxes to allow movement.

Stabilisers

Muscles that fixate an area for movement.

Reciprocal inhibition

Agonist and antagonist pairing for joint movement.

Knee flexion

Movement involving hamstrings as agonist.

Shoulder rotation

Deltoids and latissimus dorsi involved.

Hip extension

Gluteus maximus acts as agonist.

Plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius is the primary agonist.

Shoulder abduction

Deltoid muscle performs this action.