Human Bio Test 3 Chapter 14

The Nervous System

Allows for communication between cells

2 types of cell nervous system

Neurons and Neuroglia

3 Types of neurons

Sensory, Interneurons, Motor

Neuron structure

Cell body, Dendrite, Axon

The Myelin Sheath

A Lipid covering on long axon that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Resting Potential (RP)

When the axon is not conducting a nerve impulse

Action potential

rapid change in the axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur

Sodium

Lets in Na+, depolarization occurs, (+40mV)

Potassium

Lets out K+, Repolarization occurs, (-65)

How is Resting Potential restored?

By moving potassium inside and sodium outside

The Synapse

A small gap between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron.

How does transmission across the synapse occur?

Nerve Impulse reaches the axon terminal

Synaptic Integration

Integration is the summation of the inhibitory and excitatory signals received by a postsynaptic neuron

The 2 Nervous Divisions:

Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The Central Nervous system

Consists of the brain and Spinal Cord

The Central Nervous system is protected by:

Bones, meninges, and cerebral spinal fluid,

The Central Nervous System is made up of 2 types of nervous tissue

Gray matter and White Matter

The CNS: Spinal Cord

Extends from the base of the brain and along that length of the vertebral canal formed by the vertebrae

The CNS: Spinal Cord functions

Provides communication between the brain and most of the body

The CNS: Brain - 4 Major parts

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

The brain: Cerebrum

Cerebral hemisphere and cortex, primary motor and sensory areas of the cortex, largest portion of the brain

Cerebrum- four lobes

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

Frontal Lobe

Motor area and conscious thought

Temporal Lobe

Auditory, smell and speech

Parietal Lobe

Somatosensory and taste

Occipital Lobe

Visual area

Cerebrum- The cerebral cortex

thin, outer layer of gray matter

The brain: Diencephalon

Hypothalamus, Thalamus, pineal gland

The brain: Cerebellum

Receives information about current position of the body

The Brain Stem

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Reticular formation

The Limbic system

Joins emotions with reasoning, includes: Amygdala, Hippocampus

Higher mental functions

Learning, Language and Memory: Short-term, Long Term, Skill

The Peripheral Nervous System

Includes cranial (12pr) and spinal nerves (31 pr)

PNS is divided into 2 systems:

Somatic, Autonomic

The PNS: Somatic division

Serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons, Automatic responses are called reflexes

The PNS: Autonomic division

Regulates the activity of involuntary muscles and glands

The PNS: Autonomic division is divided into 2:

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic