Complete Anatomy Undergraduate Anatomy (Regional)

In anatomical position how does the body stand?

Erect or upright

Which way are the head and eyes directed in anatomical position?

Front

Which way are the palms of the hand directed in anatomical position?

Anteriorly

How far apart are the feet in anatomical position?

Shoulder width

Which way do the toes point in anatomical position?

Anteriorly

What are the 3 primary anatomical planes?

Median(mid-Sagittarius), Axial, Sagittal, frontal(coronal)

What are the characteristics of the Median/Mid-Sagittal plane?

Splits body into right and left halves directly from the midline

What are the characteristics of the Sagittarius plane?

Splits the body into right and left halves away from the midline

What are the characteristics of the axial plane?

Transverse or horizontal, splits body into superior and inferior halves ( doesn’t have to be equal halves)

What is the characteristic of all anatomical planes?

All are a 90 degree angle from one another

What are the characteristics of the frontal/coronal plane?

Splits body into anterior and posterior halves(front and back)

What are the 2 main body cavities?

Thoracic and Abdominal pelvic

What are the two subdivisions of the Thoracic cavity?

Mediastinum and plural (inferior)

What are the two subdivisions of the Abdominal Pelvic cavity?

Abdominal and pelvic

What is a serous membrane?

Special type of lining

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

Parietal and visceral

What is the parietal layer of the serous membrane?

Outer layer, against wall of structure

What is the visceral layer of the serous membrane?

Inner layer, on surface of organ

What are the regional names of the serous membrane?

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

What is meant by pleural?

Surrounds the lungs

What is meant by pericardial?

Surrounds heart

What is meant by peritoneal?

Surrounds abdominal organs

What do anatomical terms of relationship help us do?

Relate on structure if the body to another

What is meant by superficial?

Closer to the surface of the skin

What is meant by deep?

Deeper in the skin

What is meant by posterior?

Towards the back

What is an alternate term for posterior?

Dorsal

What is meant by anterior?

Towards the front

What is an alternate term for anterior?

Ventral

What is meant by superior?

Closer to the top of the head

What is meant by inferior?

Closer to the soles of the feet

What is an alternate term for superior?

Cranial

What is an alternate term for inferior?

Caudal

What is meant by proximal?

Closer to the point of origin

What is meant by distal?

Further form the point of origin

What is meant by lateral?

Further from the midline

What is meant by medial?

Closer to the midline

What do terms of laterality describe?

How an organ or structure is related to itself or other things

What is meant by bilateral?

There is a mirror image of that structure on the opposite side of the body

What is meant by unilateral?

Structure is only found on one side of the body

What is meant by contralateral?

Different structures on opposite sides of the body

What is meant by ipsilatera;?

Different structures on the same side of the body

What are the 3 major functions of muscle?

Produce heat, Produce movement, Maintain posture

What is an example of small movements produced by muscles?

Arterial constriction and dilation through muscle movement

What are the 3 main types of muscle?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What is the main function of skeletal muscle?

Allows us to voluntarily control body movement and position w

What is the main function of cardiac muscle?

Pumps blood that circulates throughout the body, helps heart

What is the main function of smooth muscle?

Lines hollow structures of body and produces movement

What is the contractile muscle belly?

Actively changes length during contraction

What is non-contractile tendons? What is their function?

Connects bones

What is non-contractile aponeuroisis?

Thin, long sheet-like attachments that create longer ranges of motion

What makes muscles?

Bundles of fascicles wrapped with connective tissue

What is fascicles?

Bundles of fiber

How do fibers cause a change in length of muscles?

Change in length of small sections of fibers causes a change in muscle length

What are myofibrils?

Part of fibers that slide past one another causing fibers to shorten

In skeletal muscle do both ends of every muscle need to attach to the bones?

No but one end needs to

In vertically arranged muscle fibers what are the two sites of muscle attachment in the skeletal muscle?

Origin (proximal attachment), INsertion (distal attachment)

In horizontally arranged muscle fibers what are the two sites of muscle attachment in the skeletal muscle?

Origin ( medial attachment), insertion (lateral attachment)

What can skeletal muscle attach to?

Organs, and mostly bones

What are the four roles of a muscle (skeletal muscle)?

Agonist, antagonist,synergist, stabilizer

What is the role of the agonist muscle?

Major muscle, initiates or maintains a movement/action

What is the role of the antagonist muscle?

Opposes movement of agonist and produces opposite action

What is the role of the synergist muscle?

Helps with action, helps eliminate unwanted movement

What is the role of the stabilizer muscle

Fixation, maintains position of a body region even if its not involved in the movement

What are the main types of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?

Reflexive, tonic, physic

What is reflexive muscle contraction?

involuntary, unconscious movement

What is tonic muscle contraction?

Maintains a state of contraction for longer periods of time, unconscious control

What is physic muscle contraction?

Muscle contraction to produce force

What are the two types of phasic muscle contraction?

Isometric, isotonic

What is isometric muscle contraction?

Producing force without changing the length of the muscle

What is isotonic muscle contraction?

Producing force by changing muscle length

What are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction?

Concentric and eccentric

What is concentric isotonic muscle contraction?

Muscle contraction that causes muscle length to shorten

What is eccentric isotonic muscle contraction?

Muscle contraction that causes muscle to lengthen

What is flexion?

Decrease in angle and distance between 2 bones

what is extension?

Increase in angle and distance between 2 bones

What is rotation?

Ability to spin around an axis

What is elevation?

Moving vertically up

What is depression?

Moving vertically down

What is pronation?

Rotating/tilting to face inferiority/posteriorly

What is supination?

Rotation/tilting to face superiority/anteriorly

What is abduction?

Pulling away from the midline

What is addiction?

Pulling towards the midline

What is the most abundant type of muscle?

Skeletal muscle

What type of control/movement is carried out by cardiac muscle?

Involuntary control by ANS

What is the main characteristic of the heart wall?

Thickness depends on location

I the hearts all, where is there more heart tissue?

Where there’s greater requirement

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium/pericardium, endocardium, myocardium

What does the epicardium/pericardium help do?

Helps heart beat in frictionless environment

What does the endocardium do?

Lines inner aspect of hear, one cell layer thick and acts as continuous barrier

What are the three different heart tissues?

Trabeculae carneae , papillary muscle, pectinate muscle

Where do we find the Trabeculae carneae?

Lines walls of ventricles

Where do we find the papillary muscles?

Connects to small heart strings that attach to valves

Where do we find the pectinate muscle>

Lines inner aspect of atrium

Where do we find smooth muscle>

Linin walls of hollow structures

What are some examples of structures the smooth muscle lines?

Vessels, ducts, major arteries, GI tract

What is peristalsis?

Wavelike contractions of smooth muscle that propel internal content

Give an example of peristalsis.

Movement in GI tract that helps pass along food

What does smooth muscle help with in the main pancreatic duct?

Salivary movement

What does smooth muscle help with in the eye?

Regulate size of the pupil in the iris