PSY 111 Exam 3 Lecture 8A

What are the main categories of memory?

short term memory, long term memory

What are the types of short-term memory?

sensory memory, working memory

What are the two types of long-term memory?

declarative, non-declarative

What is the pathway of information through the hippocampus?

EC —> CA1 —> CA3 —> DG —> EC

Which hippocampal pathway is inhibitory/GABAergic?

CA1 —> CA3

What is the stimulation needed for the synapse level?

transmitter binding

What is the strength measure for synapse level?

synaptic conductance

What are the determinants of stability at the synapse level?

molecular cascade, neuro-modulators, morphology

What is the stimulation needed for the neural level?

activity patterns

What is the strength measure for neural level?

signal-to-noise

What are the determinants of stability at the neural level?

plasticity rule, network interactions

What is the stimulation needed for the systems level?

behavioral task

What is the strength measure for systems level?

behvioral performance

What are the determinants of stability at the systems level?

state (attention, reward), sleep

What is long term potentiation (LTP)

the physiological process of sustained depolarization causing synaptic changes

______ phase LTP = maintain sustained depolarization, causing synaptic changes

Early

____ phase LTP = causes physical changes to neurons (______ spines)

Late, dendritic

______ LTP = new synapses formed

long lasting

LTPs use sustained depolarization due to long-term effects of the input of ______ as opposed to ____ (like in APs)

calcium, sodium

For the NMDA channels to open, one needs _______ and _____. The opening of the NMDA channels allows for the influx of ______.

glutamate, glycine, calcium

The ____ block needs to be expelled through slight _____. Therefore, a slight positive charge needs to be on the _____ membrane in order to repel Mg2+ via _____ receptors.

Mg2+, depolarization, inside, AMPA

AMPA receptors do NOT allow in _____.

calcium (otherwise a sustained depolarization would not occur)

When NMDA receptors are inhibited, there is a spike and a _____ depolarization. Therefore, NMDA is responsible for _____ depolarization

rapid, sustained

When AMPA receptors are blocked, there is a slow onset and ______ depolarization.

sustained

Sustained depolarization is necessary for _____ effects.

long-term

Early Stage LTP: NMDA receptor active due to ____ + ____ —> Ca2+ activates ______ —> CAMKII activates ______ (has positive feedback loops to AMPA receptors) —> nitric oxide is a gas, so it moves directly from the _____ cell to the presynaptic cell —> activates signaling cascade that releases _______. This is a _____ feedback loop

AMPA + Glue, CAMKII, nitric oxide, postsynapic, glutamate, positive

In the secondary pathway, the NMDA AMPA steps are repeated and Ca 2+ releases _____, CAMKII —> CMAKII activates ______ —> AC activates ____ —> cAMP activates _____ —> PKA activates _____ —> gene ________

CAMKII, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, PKA, CREB, transcription

If a synapse is repeatedly activated by the same neuron, that synapse will get _____.

strengthened

Consolidation occurs during _____.

sleep

With ______ conditioning, a trained stimulus is paired with an untrained stimulus to cause a ______ response. For example, when lever pressing is paired with a green light, the reward is given to the rat, but if the light is red, the rat gets shocked.

classical, trained

In ______ conditioning, voluntary behaviors are learned by rewarding the ______ behavior/escaping the undesired behavior

operant, desired

What are three spatial learning tasks?

open field, morris water maze, novel object recognition

In pavolovian fear conditioning, there is the association of an initially neutral tone (CS) with a foot-shock results in “______” responses when the tone alone is played

freezing

When the mice are injected with dox, the virus is not expressed when mice _____ dox, expressed when ____ dox

on, not on

The inactivation of retrosplineal cortex showed that the retrosplineal cortex is involved in _______ (more so ______ than retrieval)

learning, encoding

When the animals were on dox, the neurons that were active at a particular ____ and ____ were tagged.

place, time

When the animals were ____ dox, the neurons that were active at a in a triangular environment were tagged with a virus and could be controlled by light. Researchers associated triangular environment with fear memory, which created a ______ memory (animal thinks it was shocked in the triangular environment).

off, false