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21 Terms
1
Reinforcer
A consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level.
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2
Pavlovian Extinction
The procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS with the US, resulting in the reduction in the ability of a CS to produce the CR.
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3
Operant Behavior
A generic class of responses that produce the same consequence.
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4
Consequence
An observable stimulus change that occurs after operant behavior.
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5
Unconditioned Stimulus
A pavlovian stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning.
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6
Unconditioned Response
A response reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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7
Antecedent
An observable stimulus that occurs before operant behavior.
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8
Conditioned Response
A response reliably elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
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9
Contingency
The causal IF → THEN relationship between behavior and a consequence.
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10
Conditioned Stimulus
A Pavlovian stimulus that elicits a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
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11
Pavlovian Generalization
Conditioned responding to a novel stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus.
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12
Graduated Exposure Therapy
The client is gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of the conditioned stimulus; it helps treat phobias and anxiety disorders.
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13
Superstitions
Behaviors or beliefs that are irrationally linked to a specific outcome or event, despite no direct cause-and-effect relationship.
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14
Noncontingent
Not depending on or influenced by something else.
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15
Constraint-induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)
A rehabilitation technique primarily used to improve movement in individuals with neurological damage; it encourages use of the affected limb.
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16
Positive Reinforcement
A psychological concept where a pleasant stimulus is added after a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior.
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17
Negative Reinforcement
A behavioral concept where an unpleasant stimulus is removed after a desired behavior occurs, increasing the likelihood of that behavior.
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18
Escape
Behavior where the individual avoids or terminates an unpleasant stimulus, typically involving negative reinforcement.
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19
Avoidance
Behavior in which an individual actively prevents an unpleasant situation before it happens.
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20
Loss Aversion
The tendency to prefer avoiding losses rather than acquiring gains of the same size; the pain of losing is psychologically more intense than the pleasure of gaining.
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21
Warning Stimulus
Used to signal potential negative consequences or danger and to prompt certain behaviors in individuals.
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