Untitled Flashcards Set

Reinforcer : a consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level 

Pavlovian Extinction : The procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS with the US, resulting in the reduction in the ability of a CS to produce the CR

Operant Behavior : A generic class of responses that produce the same consequence 

Consequence : An observable stimulus change that occurs after operant behavior 

Unconditioned Stimulus : A pavlovian stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning 

Unconditioned Response : A response reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus 

Antecedent : An observable stimulus that occurs before operant behavior 

Conditioned Response : A response reliably elicited by a conditioned stimulus 

Contingency : The causal IF → THEN relationship between behavior and a consequence 

Conditioned Stimulus : A Pavlovian stimulus that elicits a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus 

Pavlovian Generalization : 

• Conditioned responding to a novel stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus 

Graduated Exposure Therapy (what it is and what it helps treat) : 

• the client is gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of the conditioned stimulus ; before each new conditioned stimulus(CS) approximation is presented, steps are taken to reduce or eliminate any fear evoked by the prior CS-approximation

Superstitions : 

• behaviors or beliefs that are irrationally linked to a specific outcome or event, despite no direct cause-and-effect relationship between the behavior and the result

Noncontingent : 

• not depending on or influenced by something else 

• noncontingent consequence occurs after a response but not because the response caused it to occur 

Constraint-induced Movement Therapy (CIMT, what it is and what it helps treat) : 

• rehabilitation technique primarily used to improve movement and function in individuals who have experienced neurological damage such as a stroke

• therapy involves restricting the movement of the less-affected limb to encourage intensive use of the affected limb 

• treats → stroke, TBI, cerebral palsy, MS

Positive Reinforcement

• a psychological concept where a pleasant stimulus is added after a desired behavior which increases the likelihood of that behavior 

• involves presenting a reinforcing stimulus (reinforcing stimulus increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated)

Negative Reinforcement

• a behavioral concept where an unpleasant stimulus is removed after a desired behavior occurs increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

Escape

• behavior where individual avoids or terminates an unpleasant stimulus typically involves negative reinforcement

Avoidance

• behavior in which an individual actively prevents or avoids an unpleasant or threatening situation before it happens

Loss Aversion

• individuals tend to prefer avoiding losses rather than acquiring gains of the same size. In other words, the pain of losing something is psychologically more intense than the pleasure of gaining something of equal value.

• Understanding how individuals react to potential losses and gains

Warning Stimulus

• used to signal potential negative consequences or danger and to prompt certain behaviors in individuals