Final Exam - Dual Enrollment Biology

List the stages of Meiosis

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Metaphase II, Cytokinesis II

What is the primary difference between Mitosis and Meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase I and are separated in Anaphase I of meiosis I, while sister chromatids line up at Metaphase II and are separated in Anaphase II or Meiosis II.

What is the number of daughter cells after meiosis

4 genetically unique cells are produced after meiosis.

What is the term that describes the normal exchange of parts of chromosomes between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I

Crossing over

Another name for the reproductive cells

Gametes

How many chromosomes do gametes have

23

A disease resulting from genetic abnormality at the chromosome level.

Downs Syndrome

An example of a sex linked trait.

Red-green colorblindness

Normal human female genotype is

XX

Normal human male genotype is

XY

This trait is one whose phenotype is expressed whether its homozygous or heterozygous

Dominant

A trait phenotype is only expressed when it is homozygous

Recessive

Your mitochondrial DNA comes from who?

mom

The unit of heredity is what

Gene

Genes on the same chromosome are called

linked genes

Genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms is increased by what

Crossing over, independent assortment of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate.

Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?

Environmental factors such as soil PH

Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that _____.

Traits can be dominant or recessive and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1

Which of the following statements is true of linkage analysis determined by morgan in his fruit experiments

The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that crossing over will occur between them.

Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome

A single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA

The heterozygote is a tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male.

Tortoiseshell females; black males

What is the central Dogma gene expression?

DNA is transcribed to RNA, mRNA is translated into protein

What are the 3 main types of RNA? What is the intracellular structure they all come together on to make proteins?

Messenger (mRNA) , transfer (tRNA), Ribosomal (rRNA). They all come together in Ribosomal.

Where in a eukaryotic cell does transcription of messenger RNA occur and list 3 types of processing that are required to produce the mature mRNA.

In the nucleus. 3 types of processing include: Splicing out of introns, 5' cap added, 3' poly- A tail added

Describe a practical application of the DNA tools we have learned about.

An application of DNA tools are to help find out the criminal at a crime scene, discover new genetic diseases, and find out the paternity (father) of a baby.

What is a stem cell? What is one type of stem cell?

An undifferentiated cell that can become different cell types. Embryonic

What is the enzyme that makes the complementary DNA strand during DNA replication?

DNA Polymerase

What is an enzyme involved in unwinding the DNA during replication?

Helicase

The center part of a chromosome is called the?

Centromere

The ends of a chromosome are called?

Telomeres

Genes that cause cancer called?

Oncogene

An example of a cloned animal is a? and its name?

A sheep. Dolly

a cell is said to be what when it begins expressing proteins associated with a specific cell type.

differentiated

An organism with DNA from another species incorporated in its genome is called a ?

GMO

Eukaryotes begin transcription with RNA Polymerase binding a region of DNA called the repressor. (True / False)

False

An codon is the triplet code that determines the amino acid to be added. (True / False)

False

The portions of the eukaryotic gene that encodes proteins are called exons. (True / False)

True

In the lab where you extracted DNA from strawberries, the DNA sank to the bottom when ethyl alcohol was added to the tube.

False

Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome?

A single linear molecule of double stranded DNA

The reason for differences in the sets of proteins expressed in a nerve and a pancreatic cell of the same individual is that nerve and pancreatic cells contain different _____.

sets of regulatory proteins

How can we have about the same number of genes (~20,000) as a Caenorhabditis elegans (a worm), yet obviously be more complex.

alternative splicing

current analyses indicates that the approximate percentage of the human genome that codes for proteins is about ____.

1.5%

which of the following sequences could possibly be restriction sites?

AATATT ; TTATAA

Messenger RNA contains information that is used to synthesize what?

proteins

During translation, amino acids are carried to the ribosome connect to what molecules ?

tRNA

Which of the following are ways to increase gene variability?

Crossing over, independent assortment, random mating.

How do we classify viruses?

By the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and whether it is single-stranded or double stranded.

Are viruses living?

No, not cellular

What is a virus that infects bacteria called?

bacteriophage

What is a vaccine?

An inactive form of a pathogen designed to stimulate our immune system.

What is a prison? What is an example of a disease caused by Prions?

A prion is an infectious protein particle. Examples are mad cow disease, CID, Krue, Scrapie

Name someone instrumental in our current ideas of evolution and what was their observation?

Darwin - survival of the fittest, natural selection

What is meant by Natural selection? Give an example

Natural selection is when the environment selects for a trait. IF an individual has a trait that give him a survival advantage, he survives and passes on his genes. For example bird beaks on the Galapagos islands are suited to food sources.

What is Artificial selection? give an example

Artificial selection is what people do when they breed two individuals together to get a specific characteristic, generally in the agriculture industry. Example- milk cows that produce the most milk.

What is meant by evolution? What are evidence supporting evolution?

Evolution is change over time. The evidence we use to support the process of evolution is fossils, homologous structures, molecular comparisons and biogeography.

What are fossils and how do they give us clues about evolution?

Fossils are remands or impressions or organisms that lived a long time ago. They give us information about organisms.

Define vestigial structure and give an example?

Vestigial structure are structures that are present in the present-day-organism that is no longer functional but probably had a function in recent ancestor

What is a comparative anatomy?

Comparing anatomical structures between species.

What is biogeography?

Development and presence of species based on their geographic location.

What is pangea?

Supercontinent. When all the continents were joined together.

What is extinction? what is mass extinction?

Extinction is a loss of species. A mass extinction is a loss of 70% or more of the species in an area.

What is thought to cause one of the mass extinctions?

Permian - 251 mya volcanic activity

Cretaceous - 69.5mya asteroid hitting in gulf mexico

Present day - humans taking habitats away from other species.

How do we determine the age of fossils?

The age of fossils is determined by using relative dating and absolute dating.

Define homologous structure and give an example

Homologous structures are anatomical features in different species with similar structure but different functions, such as the forelimbs of mammals.