Biology Unit 3 Exam- Fungi and Basal Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

a monophyletic, crown eukaryote kingdom. Heterotrophic by assimilation, chitinous cell walls, reproduce by spores, and undergo zygotic meiosis (haploid dominant)

Mycology

the study of fungi

Body plan of fungi

Filamentous (single thread: hypha or mycelium) or single-celled (yeast).

Derived traits of fungi

loss of flagella, hyphae septa, macroscopic, nuclei have cross walls and are more arranged.

What are the groups of fungi

Chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota

Characteristics of Phylum Chytridiomycota

“the cytrids.” a polyphyletic phylum. Microscopic wiht coenocytic hypae. Acquatic and soil fungi. Have flagellated zoospores.

Example of a chytridiomycota

Batrochochytrium dendrobatidis (pathogenic form) affects amphibians

Characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota

coenocytic , feed on dead materials, “post harvest” losses, spores without flagella.

Examples in phylum zygomycota

bread mold, sugar mold, and pin fungi. [Zygo=union or yoke]

What is a mold?

can be seen without magnification, feeds on dead material, and affects the things we care about. A zygomycete you can see.

Characteristics of Phylum Glomeromycota

endomycorrhizal fungi (inside a fungus root). has mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. All asexual. Biotrophic. Form structures called arbuscules (little trees) to exchange nutrients. Exchange photosynthase (sugar) for minerals (especially phosphate).

Dikarya

Superphylum created between basidomycota and ascomycota

Characteristics of phylum basidomycota

club fungi. Basidiospores produced on a basidium. Sexual spres=basidospores

Examples of basidomycota

mushrooms, pore fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi, stink horns, earthstars, boletes, chanterelles

characteristics of phylum ascomycota

the sac fungi. biggest phylum. Ascospores produced in an ascus (cylindrical sac where the spores developed), some macrofungi but most are micofungi. Many are plant pathogens.

Characteristics of lichens

mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic organisms (photobiont- like a green algae). Most are ascomycotes

Deuteromycota

Imperfect fungi that have no known sexual stage Typically produce spreoes by mitosis. Conidia produced on conidiophores. NOT A TAXONOMIC GROUPING. Found in all phyla.

Examples of deuteromycota (imperfects)

penicillium, aspergillus, rhizoctoma, and trichoderma

Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

largest phylum: arthropoda. largest class: insecta. largest order: Coleoptera (shield-wing). largest family: curculionidae (weevils)

Characteristics of Animals

heterotrophic by ingestion, gametic meiosis (haploid dominant), locomotory, structures, true multicellularity, no cell walls (able to move because of this)

Evolutionary trends in animals

1. planes of symmetry

2. levels of organization

3. embryological development

4. body cavity

Planes of Symmetry evolution

asymmetry—radial—bilateral—-2 radial

levels of organization evolution

cellular, tissue, organs, organ systems.

morula

a solid ball of cells

blastula

a hollow ball of cells

blastopore

Signifies the beginning of gastrulation (blastula → gastrula). cells of the blastula invaginate to form an archenteron (primitive gut)

Blastopore in protostomes

becomes first mouth. “1st the mouth”

Blastopore in deuterostomes

2nd the mouth. Becomes the anus

Body cavity evolution

ascoelomates (3 meshed germ layers), psuedocoelomates (not line with cells from mesoderm), coelomates (mesoderm lines organs)

Characteristics of phylum porifera

The sponges. The most ancestral, can be calcareous or siliceous. choanocytes, porocytes, or amoebocytes (cell types). Can have an ascon, sycon, or leucon body plan

What classes make up phylum Porifera

Calcarea, hexactinellidia, demospongiae

What characteristics of class calcarea

all marine. calcareous spicules (calcium carbonate), small, and have all 3 body plans and types.

What are characteristics of class demospongiae

largest class. 80% of all species. marine and freshwater, has siliceous spicules (SiCO2), spongin fibers, leucon body type

what are characteristics of class hexactinellida

deep marine species, siliceous, 6 rayed spicules, body sycon/leucon intermediate. Cells fused as syncytium.

what are characteristis of the phylum ctenophora

“Comb jellies”, biradial symmetry, colloblasts (gluey cells), iridescence, bioluminescence, Ctenes (rows of fused cilia)

what are the characteristics of phylum cnidaria

true jellies. ex: hydras, jellyfish, coral, and anemones. Diploblastic= endoderm +ectoderm. Gastrodermis- derived from endodermis. Epidermis- derived from ectodermis. Jelly-like layer=mesoglea. Cnidocytes- stinging cells. nematocysts- nematothread

what are the classes in phylum cnidaria

hydroazoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and anthozoa.

characteristics of class hydrozoa

buds and reproduces asexually. can be in polyp and medusa forms. Lifecycle can be asexual or sexual. ex: Portuguese man of war

characteristics of class scyphozoa

true jellyfish. radial symmetry, diploblastic body structure, and the presence of nematocysts (stinging cells). ex; moon jellyfish.

characteristics of class cubozoa

ex: box jellies. have image-forming eyes, potent venom.

characteristics of a class anthozoa

flower animal. ex: sea anemones and corals. No medusa, only polyps. Colonial and solitary forms. large, subdivided gastrovascular cavity. acontia threads caco3.

characteristics of clade bilateria

bilateral symmetry, cephalisation, mesoderm in the embryo and triploblastic.

What are the phyla in protostomes

“Blastopore becomes the mouth” Acoelomate, lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa

characteristics of the phyla acoelomate: platyhelminthes

flatworms. mostly parasitic. some are free lviign .typically have a simple gut or no gut.

characteristics of class turbellaria

in the phylum platyhelminthes. some parasitic, but mostly free living organisms. Have circular, longitudinal adn parenchymal msucles. Can regenerate. They also have eyespots (sensitive), ganglia, a GVC, pharynx (moveable), mouth, auricles (little ears-chemosensory)

characteristics of class cestoda

all parasitic, tapeworms. Proglottids and strobilization. Have a scolex, gravid (full of eggs), and microtriches (help with food absorption)

Life cycle of a trematode ex: the human liver flute

In human: adult flukes in liver eggs in bile duct—>feces. Eggs attach into miracidia.

In snails: Miracidia —> sporocytes—>redial—> cercaria

In fish: cercaria —>metacercaria

In humans: metacercaria—> adult flukes

characteristics of phylum nemertea

ribbon/proboscis worms. Anatomy: rhynchocoel- nose chamber, proboscis- structure that shoots out to capture prey, complete gut- mouth and anus, and has a true circulatory system.

characteristics of phylum rotifera

“wheel bearer” wheels=corona. cilia beat in metachronal synchrony. Currents bring food to mastax, a modifeid pharynx.

Characteristics of phylum gastrotrichia

“hair belly,” microscopic, worm-like, aquatic.

characteristics of phylum annelida

“little rings”. trochophore larva. segmentation- somites (units),repeated organs, partitioning of coeloms, differentiation of coelom. excretory system- pair of nephridia per segment- cleans waste. chaeta (help move), longitudinal muscle, circular muscles.

characteristics of class polychaeta

all marines, many “setae”, often wiht distinct head (antennae and eyes), parapodia in most (paired lateral appendages used for locomotion, respiration, and feeding. sedentary- feather duster and lugworm. errant- sea mouse and paololo worms.

Palolo worms (in class polychaeta)

strobilization by epitoky, anterior segment is atoke, posterior is the epitoke (full of gametes), synchronous release of epitokes leads to fertilization

characteristics of class oligochaeta

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial forms. few “setae,” clitellum-produces mucus, used for sperm transfer an cocoon formation. Hermaphroditic

characteristics of class hirudinea

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial. ectoparasitic and predaceous, no setae, no septa dividing the segments, superficial segmentation in the form of annuli. Oral and posterior suckers. ex: hirudomedicinalis (release an anesthetic, and produce a protein taht is an anticoagulant)

characteristics of phylum mollusca

soft bodied. very diverse. size range: microscopic to the largest of all invertebrates. economic importance: food, pearls, shells, fossils (petroleum). Foot (muscular- attaches to substrate) mantle (can secrete shell), radula (rasping tongue like structure; sometimes with teeth, crystalline style (protein crystal like-rod in guut. pulls mucus so they an digest) head (can have sensory organs in head)

Classes under phylum mollusca

polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivaliva, cephalopoda

characteristics of class polyplacophora

ex: chitins, gumboots. 8 valves embedded in thick mantle. muscular creeping foot (can suction to substrate).

characteristics of class gastropoda

ex: snails, slugs, limpets, abalone, conchs, etc. “belly foot”, torsion (shells twisted in spiral form. Allows organisms to grow; shell grows with organism

characteristics of class bivalvia

2 valves, incurrent and excurrent siphons. gills-gas exchange, feeding, and brooding. Has a complete gut, coelom, heart, adductor muscles (resist the opening) ex: oysters, clams [tridacha giganteus], mussels, and scallops

edible clam

myachenaria (class bivalvia)

oyster (sessile)

crassostrea virginica (class bivalvia)

scallop (motile-use siphons)

pecten species (class bivalvia)

razor clam

ensisdirectus (class bivalvia)

characteristics of class cephalopda

“head foot”, mantle forms body tube, arms and tentacles (foot is divided into arms) pen- stiffens organism. Chambered nautilus shell with siphuncle (tube that can pump gas in/out of chambers; helps in buoyancy.

Characteristics of squid (class cephalopoda)

10 arms, beak, intelligent (hunts in packs)

characteristics of octopus (class cephalopoda)

8 arms. 2nd highest IQ of marine animals, can use tools, complex structure navigation, and adaptive problem solving. stealth- can change color and texture to blend in.

lophophorates (clade consisting of Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta, Hyolitha, and Phoronida)

all contain lophophore (U-shaped feeding structure surrounded by feeding tentacles)

characteristics of phylum phorinida

small, marine organisms. chitinous tube dwelling. worm-like. u-shaped gut

characteristics of phylum ectoprocta

“anus outside of ring” AKA bryozoa. “most animals”. marine and freshwater. colonial. zooid with zooecia. can create a caco3 structure aruond them (zoorecium)

characteristics of phylum brachiopoda

“lampshells”. marine. 2 calcified shells (each symmetrical but upper different from the lower. some with pedicel. many fossil species. symmetry that is right down the middle.

Characteristics of phylum Anthropoda

largest and most diverse phylum. Very large size range. abundance and broad ecological distribution. rich fossil record. economic importance- parasites, disease transmission, agricultural and domestic pests, food, pollination, honey wax, silk, dyes, drugs

General arthropod characteristics

protostome eucoelomates. Metameric- “Through parts.” Tagmosis= body arrangement. Jointed appendages. Exoskeleton- complex cuticle. Ecydysis and exuvium. has smooth and striated muscle. Circulatory system: heart, arteries, hemocoel, OPEN. Nervous system: antennae, eyes, occellus (simple eye-light/dark) and compound eyes. Respiration: cutaneous, gills, book gills, book lungs, tracheae. reproduction- dioecious, usually internal fertilization.

ecdysis

molting

exuvium

what is left behind from molting.

Oviparous

producing young by means of eggs that are hatched after they have been laid by the parent.

oviviparous

animals possess embryos that develop inside eggs that remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.

characteristics subphylum trilobita

all extinct by end of Permian era. Tagmata= head-thorax-abdomen. 3-lobed abdomen. Branched (biramous) appendages

characteristics of subphylum chelicerata

celicerae-first pair of appendages. major mouth parts. Ancestrally chelate (pincers) but may be fangs, needle-like or raptorial. 2nd pair of appendages=pedipalps. 4 pairs of legs and no antennae. Tagmosis: chephalothorax +abdomen.

Characteristics of class merostomata

“living fossils,” similar to forms that existed over 200 MYA. Simple and compound eyes, book gills, chelate celicerae and other celate appendages—Pincer like. Telson- Pointing tail tht helps to flip horseshoe crab back over after waves. Subphylum Chirecerata

characteristics of pycnogonida

“sea spiders” all marine, predators and external parasites on cnidarians. sucking proboscis. reduced abdomen, organs within legs. males carry legs on modified legs (ovigers)

characteristics of class arachnida

most are predacious (aboparasites and detritivores), some are venomous (have fangs), has orders: araneae, scorpiones, acari, and opilones.m

order araneae

spiders. Cheliceraes=fangs with venom. Silk produced from spinneretes, males mate with pedipalps.

order scorpiones

Scorpions. Chelate pedipalps-pincers. Metastoma with sting.

order acari

Mites

order opilones

Daddy long legs

characteristics of subphylum crustacea

marine, freshwater, terrestial. 2 pairs of antennae, brancehd appendages (Biramous), mandibles (jaw-like mouth parts)

Characteristics of class crustacea

order: Maxillopoda- ostracods, cope pods, barnacles

order: malacostracea- isopods, amphipods, krills, decapods (shrimp, crabs, etc.)

Characteristics of subphylum Uniramia

single branched appendages, uniramous. Mandibles, not chelicerae. 1 pair of antennae.

Characteristics of class Chilopoda

centipedes, predaceous, poison claws, 1 pair of legs, segment. Tagmosis: head +trunk

Characteristics of class Diplopoda

milipedes, detrivores, 2 pair of legs per diplosegment. repugnatorial glands.

Characteristics of class Insecta

over 1 million described species. Tagmosis: head +thorax+abdomen. 0,1, or 2 pairs of wings. 3 pairs of walking legs. Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and homometabolous

Ametabolous

Insects undergoing xxx metamorphosis exhibit little to no change in form throughout their life cycle, with immature stages resembling miniature versions of the adults. No wings. ex: silverfish, springtails.

Hemimetabolous

of an insect having no pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult. Wings or have lost their wings. ex: bugs, grasshoppers, roaches, dragonflies, etc.

Homometabolous

insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, a life cycle with four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. ex: flies, beetles, wasps, butterflies.

Seven Big orders of insecta

Odonata, orthoptera, hemiptera, coleoptera, diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera

animals of odonata

dragonflies and damselflies

animals of orthoptera

grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. Wing pads.

animals of hemiptera

“true bugs,” stinkbugs, X pattern on back. “half wing”