APHUG 6.5-6.8

central place theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services

zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used. used to balance competing desires (factories cannot be built in a suburban neighborhood)

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

residential zones

areas of a city where people live. has the highest population density of the zones.

residential density gradient

as one moves farther from the inner city, population density declines along with the type and density of housing units

inner city

residential areas surrounding the CBD. typically dominated by apartments and townhomes.

filtering

houses pass from one social group to another

invasion and succession

the process in which a social or ethnic group gradually replaces another via filtering

urban infill

process of building up underused lands within a city

suburbanization of business

movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter.

leads to cities facing declines in job opportunities, consumer choices, and services.

concentric zone model

a model describing a city with concentric rings that classify each type of land use pattern. based on the development of Chicago in the 1920s.

hoyt sector model

a model of the internal structure of a city in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the CBD. based on improving the Concentric Model

multiple nuclei model/Harris Ullman Model

type of urban form where cities develop around multiple focal points. site and situational factors influence land use factors.

galactic city model

more modern model where an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. suburbs grew and took on CBD functions. focuses on decentralization/suburbanization

squatter zones

densely populated informal settlements often on the periphery of cities

traditional cbd

existed before Euro colonization; small shops and narrow streets.

colonial cbd

broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

griffin-ford model/latin american city model

shares basic structures of the concentric & sector models. two part CBD; modern and traditional. characterized by the spine that runs from the modern CBD to the secondary urban center called a mall. disamenity zones in the periphery

african city model

a model of urban development depicting a city with three CBDs in concentric rings; a traditional (small shops and narrow streets), colonial (big streets, government centers, large homes) and informal CBD.

southeast asian city model/McGee Model

has no CBD. characterized by an export-oriented port zone.

disamenity zones

areas not connected to city services

infrastructure

the facilities and systems that serve the population

municipal

the local government of a city or town and the services it provides

municipality (different from municipal)

a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

unincorporated areas

populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

sustainability

using the earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

smart-growth policies

policies that focus on city planning and transportation to combat urban sprawl and create a more sustainable/equitable city

greenbelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

slow-growth policies

policy that intends to decrease the rate that cities grow outward in an attempt to reduce urban sprawl

new urban design

a set of strategies to put smart growth into action within communities

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

transportation oriented development

land use pattern that includes a mix of commercial, residential, office and entertainment space centered around or located near public transport; dense, walkable, mixed use development near transit that attracts people to connect communities

new urbanism

a movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities

quantitative data

numerical data

qualitative data

descriptive data