BIO 152 Lecture Notes; Learning Manuel Chemistry

Chemistry

Branch of science dealing with structure, properties, and interconversions of matter.

Matter

Anything with mass that occupies space.

Mass

Amount of matter in a substance.

Homogeneous Matter

Matter with the same composition and properties throughout.

Heterogeneous Matter

Matter with variable composition and properties.

Pure Substance

Homogeneous matter with consistent composition.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller units; all atoms are nearly identical.

Compound

A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances larger than atoms.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom.

Atomic Mass

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass.

Ionic Bonding

A type of bonding involving the transfer of electrons, creating charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

A type of bonding where atoms share electrons without forming charged particles.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons, affecting bonding and solubility.

Synthetic Reaction

A reaction type represented by A + B → AB (anabolic).

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction type represented by AB → A + B (catabolic).

Acids

Substances that produce H+ when dissolved in water.

Bases

Substances that absorb H+ in water.

pH Scale

A scale from 0-14 measuring acidity and basicity; physiological pH is approximately 7.4.

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon, excluding carbon dioxide.

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon, also excluding carbon dioxide.