AP World 37 & 38

jawaharlal nehru

congress party said India should stay united (Hindu)

day of direct action (great Calcutta killing)

massive riots between Hindus and muslims

Ho Chi Minh

communist revolution; guerrilla war against France 1954 won

north vs south vietnam

n=USSR + China s=U.S.

President Lyndon Johnson

500,000 troops to reunify Vietnam under democracy lost Paris Peace Accords ended US involvement

intifada

Palestinian uprisings

Pan-Arab nationalism

nationalism between Arab states in opposition to western interference within their region

balfour declarartion

britian promise to Jews for a homeland in palenstine

Gamal abdel nasser

eygpt nationalized suez camal (owned by Britain and France) then Britain France and Israel attack Egypt but US and USSR told them to back off bc they didn’t want to look like imperialists

France in Africa

gave up Morocco and Tunisia (1956) let go 13 more(year of Africa) but didn’t let go of Algeria(2 million French ppl)

war in algeria

FLN started guerrilla warfare; 1945 setif massacre where France killed protesters so war; france sent 500,000 soilders, frantz fanon wrote The Wretched of the Earth violence is necessary to overcome colonial violence

negritude

black is beautiful

kwame

sub saharan undepenmdece

kenya

kikyuyu group fought Britian and 12000 were killed only 100 Europeans were killed. negotiated withdrawal

frist five year plan

forced industrialization

great leap forward

tried to industrialize overnight, famine killed an estimated 30-45 million people

cultural revolution

destroyed traditional culture, persecuted intellectual, threw china into chaos

deng xiaoping

1981, opened china economy to free market, still communist, students gathered at Tiananmen Square killed

Indira Gandhi

led green revolution(increase food production with new farming techniques) + forced sterilization to slow population growth + assassinated by bodyguards after ordering an attack on Sikh holy site in Amritsar

jihad

holy war against western influence (bc America was funding corrupt leaders to keep soviets out)

shah mohammed reza pahlavi

brutal guy in Iran funded by America and Iranian revolution overthrew him and auatollah Khomeini took over and Iranians helps US diplomats hostage for 2 years, shut down US facilities and took American ventures

Saddam Hussein

built massive military using oil money; US supported; Iraq attacked Iran; stalemate war. Saddam invades Kuwait so US turns against him bc threatens oil supply; US saved Iran

sub saharan africa struggles

too much ethnic strife, kwame khrumah of ghama deposed in 1966, falling commodity prices kept the African economy poor, exported cheap raw material and imported expensive finished goods. The New International Economic Order proposed to fix global inequaility but never fully implemented

latin america

mexico: failing to redistribute land from wealthy to poor

Argentina: dominated by its military, Juan Peron elected president and wife loved by the poor

dependency theory: the idea that poor countries stay poor because wealthy countries built global economic system that keeps them exporting cheap raw materials

-women’s liberation and economic equality

Ronald Reagan

trued to spend an insane amount of money on the U.S. military and Soviet union goes broke trying to match it

Mikhail Gorbachev; Perestrokia; Glasnost

soviet leader; restructuring (trying to fix broken system); openness(allowing people to speak freely and criticize

what was the result

bad bc people wanted TOTAL freedom not just that

workers solidarity movement

peaceful workers union in Poland and then all followed

berlin wall

east Germany hammered it down and get unifed

mujahideen

afghan rebels against the USSR to fight back with guerrilla warfare in mountains. CIA supplied them with weapons secretly

stinger missiles

could shoot down Soviet helicopters used by mujahideen from US

after afghan war

soveits were drained of money, morale, lives and helped speed up USSR’s collapse Un called for causefirre after 9 years

globalization

breaking down barriers between countries so goods, money, services, and people can flow freely across borders

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

23 member nations working to reduce trade barriers

WTO (World trade organization)

took over in the other one with more power and members

marshall plan

US rebuilds European countries (helps Japan recovery after war)

how did Japan get rich

treaty made them limit military spending so they invested in economy and became rlly rich

four little fingers

small Asian countries South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong singapore (grew fast economically) financial crisis bc their economies were too interconnected so when one goes down they all go down

Maastricht Treaty

pushed toward political integration, eventually sharing a common currency (Eruo)

OPEC

Arab/Muslim countries; oil embargo on US (refused to sell oil to America bc they supported israel) gas prices skyrocketed

ASEAN

southeast Asian countries teaming up economically

Kyoto Accords

first ajor international climatre agreement (US refused to sign and many countries didn’t actually lsiten this was to reduce greenhose gases admissions

9/11 4 planes

two crashed into World Trade Center in New York City (both towers collaspsed), one crashed into the Pentagon(Washington DC) one crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers fought

Osama bin Laden

leader of al-Qaeda, operating out of Afghanistan under the Taliban government

president goerge W bush

invaded Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda bases and overthrew the Taliban then he invaded Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein (claimed he was allied with bin laden which wasn’t true)

League of Nation (1920-1946)

The mission was to maintain international peace but was weak at stopping wars. In public health it eradicated smallpox and made universal and made universal human rights

migration

rural to urban created slums(hoods) in developing cities