bio exam 4

10 billion

human population will increase to ..... by 2050

Co2 emission, crop land, grazing land, deforestation, seafood, build up land

list the main natural resources withdrawals that will result from an increased human population growth

keep the planet warm

co2 helps

that it may get too hot

what are we worried about with co2

Co2, rate of accumulation

this is needed to keep earths living conditions we don’t want to get rid of it but we want to change the…

radiation in the form of white light and its absorbed by continents oceans

50% of what comes from the sun is

absorbed by atmosphere (clouds)

20% of what comes from the sun is 

reflected back to space from atmosphere

the last 30% of what comes from the sun is

back to space as infrared radiation

**the 50% of heat that warms the planet goes…**

to warm the planet

the infrared radiation hits clouds and they go back

gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat.

greenhouse gases

methane and co2

two other greenhouse gases

space, planet, planet, global warming

heat collides with co2 molecules and some goes out to ...... and some go to the ....... when the excess co2 hits the ..... its called

occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed rapidly into the ocean. It reacts with water molecules (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This compound then breaks down into a hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). These hydrogen ions decrease seawater pH

in your own words explain the process of ocean acidification

As oceans absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), they become more acidic. This affects the ability of reef-building corals to grow their skeletons and form the foundation for coral reefs. Weaker skeletons also make corals more vulnerable to disease and destruction by storms

how coral reefs are affected by increased co2 levels

Eutrophication

this refers to the process by which a water body become enriched in dissolved nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate these nutrients stimulate the growth of aquatic plants resulting in the competition of dissolved oxygen beginning in the bottom sediment and deep waters

with the excess phosphate and nitrates entering the river its washed all the way to the gulf of mexico and a lot of algae because of it and its going to be a lot of debris on the bottom of the ocean and the aerobic bacteria gonna consume it and produce co2 so oxygen level will go down and marine life in the bottom of the ocean will die 

how is the marine life in the gulf of mexico being affected by the eutrophication of the mississippi river ?

small (unicellular), not visible to naked eye

what are microbes

bacteria -prokaryotes

archea

algae - eukaryotes 

protist 

fungi 

ex of microbes

Well nourished

eutrophos are

Bacteria and archaea are 1-10 mm unicellular and Eukaryotes are

Difference in size v/w bacteria archea and eukaryotes

Bacteria and arexhea have RNA pol 1 but archers looks like eukaryotes and eukaryotes have RNA pol 1,2,3

Difference in RNA polymerase

rna polymerase

This is an enzyme used for making protein (transcription)

Enzyme

When ever it ends it ase it is an

Absent in A and B but E has nucleus

Difference in organelles amongst the three domains

None in bacteria but yes In A and E

Difference in organelle histones

Yea in bacteria and no in A and E

Peptidoglycan

Unresolved

The table of the three domains is

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins are

Bacteria

Meth anime is only the starting amino acid for

biological impact, ecosystem services, medical importance, and biotechnology

Why do we care about prokaryotes ?

Highly abundant (10k species) , 100 trillion cells on avg in human, hundred of thousands that remain to be discovered, ubiquitous (pretty much everywhere) and can live in extreme environmental conditions

Biological impacts of bacteria

1) They can live in 250 degrees F 

2) can live in acidic environ with low Ph 

3) can live in 5-10 times salter water than seawater

What are examples of bacteria being extremophiles

1) decompose

2) fix nitrogen (make it soluble for plants to obtain)

3) bioremediation

what are ecosystem services that bacteria provides

the cleaning up of sites that have polluted/ contaminated with organic solvents/fuels

what is bioremediation

because they can cause disease to humans, other animals, and plants but only tiny fraction is pathogenic

why is medical importance important for studying bacteria

Bacteria use a variety of mechanisms to acquire pathogenic DNA Transformation involves the acquisition of naked DNA directly from the environment. Conjugation occurs when organisms exchange genetic information via specialized tubelike appendages called conjugative pill

how do bacteria become pathogens

biostimulation- stimulating growth of bacteria in polluted/contaminated sites

seeding- addition of specific prokaryotes to containments sites

two strategies commonly used in bioremediation are

most unculturable and too many to describe using traditional method

taxonomic challenge

go to the woods and collect environmental samples and bring it to the lab and obtain their dna and sequence it then compare sequences and identify species

explain the metagenomic approach

alcohol (beer and wine), breed, protein factories, and used in molecular biology

what are bacteria’s application in biotechnology

1) Chipper-cas, 

2)restriction enzymes, 

3)tag used in PCR comes from bacteria

what is bacterias use in molecular biology

\- because its more efficient to move stuff around the cell and they require repaid encounter w nutrients

\- they need to rapidly get rid of waste

\-rapid movement of molecules to support metabolic needs

\-fast metabolism 

why are bacteria tiny?

1) mutations

2) naturally by transformation of bacteria 

3) viruses that kill bacteria (phages)

4) virus-mediated: transduction (virus carry out)

5) directly-> conjucation

what are ways bacteria and archaea can increase genetic diversity

wall, thicker, thinner

bacteria archaea and plants have a cell ..... the polysaccharide in bacteria is .... whereas the polysaccharide in plants is .....

gram + traps the stain and gram - doesnt. Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negative

explain the difference between Gram + and Gram - bacteria 

gram +

this gram consists of peptidoglycan which is a very long polysaccharide one building block, attached to the next its a matrix

gram -

they have a cell membrane and phospholipid bilayer but thin layer of peptidoglycan, they have outer membrane 

phototroph they use light to make ATP

one way bacteria and archaea can acquire energy to produce energy in three ways

Chemoorganotrophs, obtain electrons from organic molecule

another way bacteria and archaea can acquire energy to produce energy in three ways

Chemolithotrophs obtain electrons from inorganic molecules

another way bacteria and archaea can acquire energy to produce energy in three ways

organic and inorganic

glucose is an example of an …. molecule whereas NH3 Ammonia and H2S hydrogen sulfide are…

electron carriers, electron transport chain

the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 proteins serve as ..... in the E …..

ATP Sythase (Complex V)

the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ATP is …

for structure

why do plants need cell wall

no peptidoglycan, thin layer of s-layer (pseudomurein) mainly called glycoproteins cell membrane,

morphological diversity in archaea contain

any of a class of proteins that have __carbohydrate__ groups attached to the __polypeptide__ chain, sugar

what are glycoproteins?

electeons

photons excite…..

electron, ATP

these are the energy supplier of the cell, they are carried to the cell where the proteins are and the excited electrons caused cascade of reaction producing…

photons from the sun excites electrons in water molecules and then some o2 is released and protons from h20 do electron transfer chain

explain what happens with electrons

they carry electrons to outer surface of cell where there are transmembrane proteins (electron acceptors)

what do the electron carriers do

shake around and release proteins from inside to go out

once the electron acceptors get the electron the begin to

gradient (more protons on out than inner)

once protons begin to accumulate outside of the cell then you end up with

diffusion

movement of molecules they can even out concentration

Osmosis

movement of water

Chemomosis

movement of protons (trying to bring proteins back)

ATP synthase (rotator)

protons make way into the cell using

Phototrophs

they use solar energy to excite electrons (sunlight)

electron donor/electron carrier/electron acceptor

the three main electron things

organic molecules and inorganic molecules

two ways source of electrons

organic molecules: chemoorganotroph

these contain C and H bonds and C and C bonds and are building up modular assembly of large molecules

sugars

organic molecules are

ammonia

chemolithotrophs are

organic molecules always have carbon

what is the only way to difference between organic and inorganic molecules

amino acid structure

what is the small building block of proteins

monosaccharide

small bb of carbohydrates

glyco/fatty acid

small bb of lipids

nucleotide

nucleic acids small bb

anabolic (build up) and catabolism (break down)

two types of metabolism

heterotrophs

ready to use organic building block come from other organisms in their environment e.g (US)

autotrophs

these maker their own nutrients from scratch

photoautotrophs ex--> cyanobacteria

bacteria that use own food but also use sunlight energy 

ex-->

Chemoorganotrophs, methyomennus (methane)

use sunlight energy but don't make own building blocks ex -→

Chemorganoheterotrophs, ecoli

use organic molecules and not able to synthesis own building blocks , and ex

chemolithoautotrophs, NH3

source of electrons are inorganic molecules and cna make own building blocks

chemolithoheterotroph, ex--> beggiatou

source of electron are inorganic molecules but not able to synthesis own building blocks

of the oxygen was produced and co2 began to be consumed before that all we had was N2 and CO2 so it changed the atmosphere

bacteria can change the world through photoautotrophs because once Cyanobacteria began to bloom a lot

2\.7-2.5 BYA

when did Cyanobacteria began to produce oxygen

built o-zone

oxides of nitrogen’s

The ozone layer is a thin part of Earth's atmosphere that absorbs almost all of the sun's harmful ultraviolet light.

what is the o-zone layer

they can make nutrients available for plants

another way bacteria and archaea can change the planet

Sulfur, sulfate

this is an important nutrient needed/ plants can only assimilate sulfur in the form of

hydrogen sulfide(photosynthesis and chemoautotrophic bacteria inorganic)

many bacteria can make sulfate from

Decomposition, sulfide

sulfur is reduced from plant by.... to make hydrogen

nitrate

goes from nitrification to

plants can assimilate nitrate and then they go back to atmosphere by deification

2nd round of nitrification is nitrate to

freshwater algae

plants evolved from

1) Zygnematophyceae

2)Chlorophyceae

3)Charophyceae

the three algal groups most similar to land plants are

z--> multi or uni

Chlo and charo are both multi

with the three algae label them multi-cell, uni-cell or both

freshwater

these algae species live in what kind of environments?