chapter 11 cardiovascular

BNP test

Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood

cardiac biomarkers

Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.

lipid tests

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood sample.

lipoprotein electrophoresis

Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically operated and measured in a blood sample.

angiography

X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

Three-dimensional x-rays images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (Ct) (64-slice CT scanner)

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

Electron beam and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

Doppler ultrasound studies

Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.

echocardiography (ECHO)

Echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

Technetium Tc99m sestamibi injected intravensouly is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.

thallium 201 scan

Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about supply to the heart muscle.

cardiac MRI

Images of the heart are produced using radio wave energy in a magnetic field.

cardiac catheterization

Thin, flexible tube into the heart via a vein or an artery.

electrocardiography (ECG)

Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

Holter monitoring

An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

stress test

Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress)

catheter ablation

Brief delivery of radio frequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias.

coronary artery bypass (CABG)

Arteries and veins are anasomtosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockage.

defibrillation

Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias.

endarterectomy

Surgical removal of plaque form the inner layer of an artery.

extracorporeal circulation

Heart-lung machine diverts blood form the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

heart transplantation

A donor heart is transferred to a recipient.

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Ballon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; steps are put in place.

thrombolytic therapy

Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis.

angi/o (angiogram, angioplasty)

vessel

aort/o (aortic stenosis)

aorta

arter/o (arteriosclerosis, endarterectomy)

artery

arteri/o (arterial anastomosis)

artery

ather/o (atheroma, atherosclerosis, atherectomy)

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

brachia/o (brachial artery)

arm

cardi/o (cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, cariogenic shock)

heart

cholesterol/o (hypercholesterolemia)

cholesterol

coron/o (coronary arteries)

heart

cyan/o (cyanosis)

blue

myx/o (myxoma)

mucus

ox/o (hypoxia)

oxygen

pericardi/o (pericardiocentesis)

pericardium

phleb/o (phlebotomy, thrombophlebitis)

vein

rrhythm/o (arrhythmia)

rhythm

sphygm/o (sphygmomanometer)

pulse

steth/o (stethoscope)

chest

thromb/o (thrombolysis)

clot

valvul/o (valvuloplasty, mitrial valvulitis)

valve

valv/o (valvotomy)

valve

vas/o (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)

vessel

vascul/o (vascular)

vessel

ven/o (venous)

vein

ven/i (venipuncture)

vein

ventricle/o (interventricular septum)

ventricle, lower heart chamber

arrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

bradycardia

arrhythmias: Failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through the AV node and down bundle of His.

heart block

arrhythmias: Failure of proper conduction of impulses from SA node through the AV node and down bundle of His.

flutter

arrhythmias: Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

fibrillation

arrhythmias: Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+)

congenital heart disease

abnormalities in the heart at birth

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

congenital heart disease: Narrowing of the aorta)

patent ductus arteriosus

congenital heart disease: Passageway (ductus arterioles) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth

patent

open

septal defects

congenital heart disease: Small holes in the wall (septum) between the atria or the ventricles

tetralogy

congenital heart disease: malformation involving four distinct heart defects.

pulmonary artery stenosis

tetralogy: one of the four defects

ventricular septal defect

tetralogy: one of the four defects

shift of the aorta to the right

tetralogy: one of the four defects

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

tetralogy: one of the four defects

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

coronary artery disease (CAD)

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

hypertensive heart disease

High blood pressure affecting the heart

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Improper closure of the mitral valve

murmur

Extra heart sound heard between normal beats

pericarditis

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart (pericardium)

rheumatic heart disease

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

aneurysm

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

hypertension (HTN)

High blood pressure

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Blockage of arteries carrying to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs.

Raynaud disease

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

varicose veins

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

aorta

largest artery in the body

arteriole

small artery

artery

Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Pause here. Electrical signals pass form the SA node through the AV node and the bundle of His toward the ventricles.

atrium (atria)

One of two upper chambers of the heart.

capillary

smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from here in the thin capillary walls.

carbon dioxide

Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported by veins.

coronary arteries

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

deoxygenated blood

Blood that is oxygen-poor

diastole

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

electrocardiogram

Record of the electricity flowing through the heart.

endocardium

Inner lining of the heart.

endothelium

Innermost lining of the blood vessels.

mitral valve

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid

murmur

Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves.

myocardium

Muscular, middle layer of the heart.

normal sinus rhythm

Heart rhythm originating in the SA node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

oxygen

Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travel to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all parts of the body.

pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

Specialized nervous tissue in right atrium that begins the heartbeat.