Psych exam CH14 - lecture + textboook

What characterizes Paranoid Personality Disorder?

Pervasive, generalized suspiciousness and distrust across many contexts.

How does Schizotypal Personality Disorder differ from schizophrenia?

Has discomfort with close relationships, ideas of reference, but symptoms are less bizarre and not fixed.

What is disordered behaviour?

Persistent and repetitive pattern of actions

How do we define disordered behaviour?

On going, dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behaviour that causes significant distress

How have we historically understood/defined disordered behaviour/functions

Viewed as erratic, dangerous, incompetent and inferior. Lots of prejudice and stereotypes promoting distancing

What is the medical model of disordered behaviour. What have been the consequences of this?

Medical model proposes that it is useful to think of psychopathological behaviour as a disease

It was based more on superstition, seen to be possessed by demons

How do we classify disordered behaviour

Atypicality

Maladaptive behaviour

Personal distress

What are some of the stereotypes of psychological disorders

Psychological disorders are incurable

People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous

People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people

Major depressive disorder

Showing persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure

Symptoms of anhedonia

A diminished ability to experience pleasure

Bipolar 1 disorder

Characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes and often periods of depression

Seasonal affective disorder defined as?

A type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern

What is peripartum depression

A type of depression that sometimes occurs during or after childbirth

Etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders?

Evidence suggests that genetic factors influence the likelihood of developing major depression and bipolar disorder

Etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders #2

Association between depression and reduced hippocampal volume. High reactivity in the amygdala as a factor of depression

Anxiety disorders

A class of disorders marked by feeling of excessive apprehension and anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder

Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

Anxiety - specific phobias

Involves persistent irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

Panic disorder

Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occurs suddenly and unexpectdedly

Agoraphobia

A fear of going out to public places

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in behaviours or mental acts not connected to reality

CPTSD

Dysregulation, difficulties in relationships, and negative self-concept

Requires the presence of the PTSD criteria along with the additional symptoms

Personality disorders

Class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible traits that deviate markedly from the individuals cultural and expectations and cause subjective distress

Three clusters of personality disorders

Anxious/fearful

Eccentric

Dramatic/impulsive

Antisocial personality disorder

Marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behaviour

Borderline personality disorder

Marked by instability in social relationships, self-image and emotional functioning

Narcissistic personality disorder

Marked by grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement and an excessive need for attention and admiration

Etiology of personality disorders

Involves interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, such as cognitive styles, coping patterns, and exposure to stress

Schizophrenia

Disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms, finished emotional expression, deterioration of adaptive behaviour

Delusions and irrational thought

Delusions are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

Hallucinations

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusions or persecution

Auditory hallucinations

Delusions of being controlled

Derailment of thought

Delusions of grandeur

Atypical social, sexual behaviour

Delusions of thought insertion

Aggressive, agitated behaviour

Incoherent thought

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Few friendships, relationships

Few recreational interests

Lack of persistence at work or school

Impaired grooming or hygiene

Paucity of expressive gestures

Social inattentiveness

Emotional non responsiveness

Inappropriate emotion

Poverty of speech

Etiology of schizophrenia

Marijuana may increase the chance of schizophrenia. Structural abnormalities. Disruptions in the maturational processes of the brain before or at birth

Dissociative disorders

A class of disorders in which people lose contact with proportions of their consciousness, memory, identity, perception, body representation, and behaviour,

Dissociative amnesia

Sudden loss of memory for important. Personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

Dissociative identity disorder

Involves a disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personality states

Describe Schizoid Personality Disorder.

Marked by detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression.

What is a requirement for diagnosing Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15.

What is the core feature of Borderline Personality Disorder?

Instability in self-image, relationships, emotions, and behaviors.

How is Histrionic Personality Disorder characterized?

A need to be the center of attention and exaggerated emotional expressions.

What differentiates Narcissistic Personality Disorder from Histrionic Personality Disorder?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder involves an expectation of admiration and a lack of empathy.

What type of anxiety manifests in Avoidant Personality Disorder?

Inward-focused anxiety leading to social inhibition and avoidance.

What is a defining characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder?

Inability to make decisions without excessive input from others.

How does Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) differ from OCD?

OCPD involves a chronic need for order and perfectionism, impacting all areas of life.

What is the primary approach to treatment discussed in the lecture?

Integrated, multi-modal approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors.

What does psychoanalytic therapy primarily focus on according to Freud?

Bringing unconscious conflicts and emotions into conscious awareness for resolution.

What is the purpose of resistance in psychoanalytic therapy?

To keep painful or threatening topics suppressed and avoid addressing them.

What is the main goal of Carl Rogers' Client-Centered Therapy?

To provide a non-judgmental space for the client to explore their thoughts and feelings.

What techniques are used in Gestalt therapy?

Role-playing, direct confrontation, and exploring emotions in a holistic manner.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms include affective flattening, avolition, alogia, anhedonia, and asociality.

What is the duration requirement for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months, with a minimum of 1 month in an active phase.

What are some of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

At least two of five possible symptoms must be present during the active phase, including delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

What is avolition in the context of schizophrenia?

Avolition refers to a lack of self-initiated, purposeful activities and loss of motivation.

How is dissociative amnesia characterized?

Dissociative amnesia involves memory loss for specific traumatic events without underlying neurological damage.

What distinguishes dissociative disorders from schizophrenia?

Dissociative disorders involve breaks in consciousness/memory, often as a coping response to trauma, unlike persistent psychosis seen in schizophrenia.

Describe dissociative identity disorder (DID).

DID involves the presence of at least two distinct identities or personalities, each with unique behaviors and memories, often stemming from extreme trauma.

What is the sociocognitive model regarding DID?

The sociocognitive model suggests that DID may be influenced by social and therapeutic factors, leading to an increase in diagnoses.

What is the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders?

Axis I disorders are episodic (e.g., schizophrenia), while Axis II disorders (e.g., personality disorders) reflect enduring patterns.

What are the clusters of personality disorders?

Personality disorders are classified into three clusters: Cluster A (odd/eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic/emotional/erratic), and Cluster C (anxious/fearful).

What is the minimum duration for diagnosing Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) in adults?

At least two years.

What characteristic differentiates hypomanic episodes from manic episodes?

Hypomanic episodes last at least 4 consecutive days and do not result in marked impairment.

What are the two main types of symptoms in schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms and negative symptoms.

What is a manic episode defined by?

Elevated or irritable mood with increased energy or activity lasting at least one week.

What are delusions in the context of schizophrenia?

Firmly held false beliefs resistant to contrary evidence.

What is the primary requirement for diagnosing Bipolar I Disorder?

At least one full manic episode.

What distinguishes Bipolar II Disorder?

At least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.

What is a key symptom of catatonia?

Negativism, resistance to instructions or external stimuli.

What must be present for a diagnosis of a mixed episode?

Rapidly alternating or simultaneous presence of both manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of days.

What is the duration requirement for a depressive episode in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Symptoms must last for at least two weeks.

What is a key feature of hallucinations?

Perceptual experiences without external stimuli, often vivid and clear.

What disorders are primarily focused on in Chapter 14 during this session?

Anxiety disorders, phobias, OCD, PTSD, and an introduction to mood disorders.

What is the DSM criteria for diagnosing phobias?

Excessive, disproportionate fear or anxiety regarding a specific object or situation, lasting at least six months and causing significant distress or impairment.

What is the lifetime prevalence rate for specific phobias?

10% of the population.

What distinguishes social anxiety disorder (social phobia) from normal social nervousness?

It involves overwhelming anxiety about being judged or evaluated in social situations that causes significant distress and avoidance.

What are the core features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing the anxiety caused by obsessions.

How does childhood expression of phobias differ from adulthood?

Children may express fear through crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging rather than through adult-like panic attacks.

What are the categories of symptoms required for a PTSD diagnosis?

1. Intrusion Symptoms, 2. Avoidance Symptoms, 3. Cognitive/Mood Changes, 4. Arousal/Reactivity Symptoms.

What is a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and its criteria?

A discrete episode requiring symptoms to persist for at least two weeks, including depressed mood or loss of interest, among others.

What is the difference between a Major Depressive Episode and Major Depressive Disorder?

A major depressive episode is a specific occurrence, while Major Depressive Disorder is the diagnosis requiring a history of at least one MDE.

What is the recommended action if students feel anxiety during presentations?

Students are encouraged to reach out for support; accommodations and scaffolding are available.

What does the term 'agoraphobia' refer to?

A phobia involving anxiety across multiple situations, contrasting with specific phobias that focus on one specific object or situation.

How long must symptoms persist for social anxiety disorder (social phobia) diagnosis?

Symptoms must persist for at least six months.

What can excessive compulsions in OCD lead to?

Compulsions can consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning, causing physical harm in some cases.

Describe the four categories of PTSD symptoms. What do they include?

1. Intrusion Symptoms (e.g., recurrent memories), 2. Avoidance Symptoms (e.g., avoiding reminders), 3. Cognitive/Mood Changes (e.g., negative beliefs), 4. Arousal/Reactivity Symptoms (e.g., sleep disturbance).

What is clinical significance in the context of clinical psychology?

Clinical significance refers to the severity of symptoms and whether they disrupt a person's daily functioning to the extent that professional intervention is warranted.

What is the distinction between clinical significance and the need for treatment?

Not all clients who seek therapy have a diagnosable mental illness, while some may have a diagnosis but don't exhibit an urgent need for treatment due to strong coping mechanisms or support systems.

What is a provisional diagnosis?

A provisional diagnosis is used when a client shows symptoms consistent with a diagnosis but does not yet meet the full criteria due to insufficient symptom duration.

What is DSM?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a standardized classification of mental disorders, providing structure, diagnostic criteria, and guidance for identification.

What is the difference between DSM-IV and DSM-5?

DSM-IV used a five axes approach to organize diagnostic information; DSM-5 consolidates this into a more streamlined format.

What are the five axes in the DSM-IV?

1. Axis I: Clinical Syndromes, 2. Axis II: Personality Disorders and Intellectual Disability, 3. Axis III: General Medical Conditions, 4. Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems, 5. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning.

How does comorbidity relate to anxiety disorders?

Comorbidity refers to the occurrence of anxiety and depression together, which is common in clients diagnosed with either disorder.

List the four components of anxiety.

1. Physiological: Sympathetic arousal, 2. Emotional: Sense of fear, 3. Cognitive: Preoccupation with threats, 4. Behavioral: Change in behavior to reduce risk or avoid discomfort.

What defines a panic attack?

A panic attack is a discrete episode of intense fear that escalates quickly within minutes and is followed by resolution.

What are expected and unexpected panic attacks?

Expected panic attacks are triggered by identifiable situations, while unexpected panic attacks occur without a clear trigger.

What is agoraphobia?

Agoraphobia involves intense anxiety about being in places where escape may be difficult, leading to avoidance and potentially being housebound.

What characterizes panic disorder?

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks and ongoing concern about having additional attacks or changes in behavior to avoid them.

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

GAD is a condition marked by persistent and excessive worry about various events or activities that the person finds difficult to control.

What are the key diagnostic criteria for GAD?

Symptoms need to persist for at least six months, and adults generally require at least three out of six specific symptoms.

What does the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale indicate?

The GAF scale summarizes a person's overall psychological functioning on a scale from 0 to 100, where lower scores suggest greater impairment.