A&P Exam 1 (Units 1, 2 and 3)

What is anatomical position?

standing upright

arms at sides

head facing forward, feet flat on the floor, facing forward

palms facing forward

Regional names

Head: Skull and face

Neck: Supports the head and attaches it to the trunk

Trunk: Chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Upper limbs/extremity: shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and finger

Lower limbs/extremity: buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes

Body cavities

Spaces that contain internal organs

Function: help to protect, separate, and support organs

Principal Body Cavities

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Directional Terms

Used to locate structures

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

near the surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

visceral

instinctive; relating to the internal organs

Planes

A two-dimensional surface defined by 3 points not on the same surface.

Frontal

Parasagittal

Transverse

Midsagittal

Oblique

Anterolateral

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) parts

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right sides

Mid-Sagittal plane

Divides the body into EQUAL left and right sides

How does motion in a Plane occur

About an axis

Anatomical Planes of Motion

Sagittal plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

Transverse plane

Anatomical Axes of Motion

Perpendicular to anatomical planes

Medial or Transverse Axis

Antero-Posterior (ap) Axis

Longitudinal Axis

Mediolateral or Transverse Axis

Sagittal Plane

Antero-posterior (AP) Axis

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Longitudinal Axis

Transverse Plane

Flexion

Decrease in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane.

Extension

Increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane.

Abduction

Movement of bone away from the midline, usually in the frontal plane.

Adduction

Movement of bone toward the midline, usually in the frontal plane.

Spine: F & E

Flexion & extension

Spine: LF

Lateral Flexion

Circumduction

Latin meaning "around"

Combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Neck: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Scapula: Protraction

Moving forward on a plane parallel to the ground

"punch"

Scapula: Retraction

Moving backward on the plane parallel to the ground

"Start lawn mower"

Scapula: Elevation

To move upwards

Scapula: Depression

To move downwards

Scapula: Upward rotation

Inferior angle moves laterally

Scapula: Downward rotation

Return to anatomical position.

Inferior angle moves medially

Shoulder: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Shoulder: M & LR

Medial & Lateral Rotation

Shoulder: AB & AD

Abduction & Adduction

Scapula: Joint actions

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Medial rotation

Lateral rotation

Elbow: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Forearm: Supination

Rotating hand/forearm laterally

"hold the soup"

Forearm: Pronation

Rotating hand/forearm medially

"pour the soup"

Wrist: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Wrist: AB & AD

Abduction & Adduction

Wrist Joint Actions

Radial flexion or deviation (AB)

Move wrist outwards or away from midline of body

deviate towards radius

Ulnar flexion or deviation (AD)

Moves wrist inward ot towards the midline of body

Deviate towards ulna

Thumb: F

Flexion

Thumb: AD

Adduction

Thumb: O

Opposition

Thumb: E

Extension

Thumb: AB

abduction

Thumb: C

Circumduction

Hip: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Hip: AB & AD

Abduction & Adduction

Hip: M & LR

Medial & Lateral Rotation

Knee: F & E

Flexion & Extension

Ankle: Plantarflexion

Point toes/foot downward

"plant the foot"

Ankle: Dorsiflexion

Point toes/foot upward

"foot off the gas pedal"

Ankle: Inversion

Movement of sole of foot inward

Ankle: Eversion

Movement of sole of foot outward

Longus

long

Brevis

short

Magnus

large

Pollicis

Thumb

Hallucis

big toe

Internal/Medial rotation

Anterior surface moves toward the midline

External/Lateral rotation

Anterior surface moves away from thr midline

Supination

rotating hand/forearm laterally

Pronation

rotating hand/forearm medially

plantarflexion

Point toes/foot downward

Dorsiflexion

Point toes/foot upward

Inversion

Movement of sole of foot inward

Eversion

Movement of sole of foot outward

Protraction

Moving foward on plane parallel to ground

Retraction

Moving backward on plane parallel to ground

a or an

without, absence of

anti

against

auto

self

baro

pressure

brady

slow

chemo

chemical

dys

difficult, painful, labored

epi

upper, above

endo

inside, within

eu

normal, good

exo

outside, external

gluc or gluco

glucose

hyper

above, excessive, increased

hypo

below, incomplete, deficient, decreased

inter

between, among

intra

within, inside

iso

same