Features of psychology

What are the stages in the process of scientific study?

• Observation of subjects

• Formulation of a theory

• Construction of a testable hypothesis

• Empirical testing of the hypothesis

• Replication and validation

• Falsifiability

What does empirical mean in psychology?

Empirical data is information gained through direct observation or experience rather than through reasoned argument or belief.

What is meant by objectivity in scientific research?

Data should not be influenced by the expectations or biases of the researcher. Data collection must be systematic and free from bias. Without objectivity, findings may lack validity.

Why is control important in scientific research?

All extraneous variables must be controlled to establish cause (IV) and effect (DV), increasing internal validity.

What is replication and why is it important?

Scientists standardise and record methods so studies can be repeated. Replication allows findings to be checked for reliability and validity—consistent results strengthen confidence in the original findings.

What is hypothesis testing?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a theory. It must be operationalised and unambiguous. Types include the null hypothesis (no effect) and the alternative hypothesis (there is an effect).

What is predictability in science?

Scientific research aims to predict future behaviour based on findings. Strong theories should allow accurate predictions.

What is falsifiability?

A theory must be able to be tested and potentially proven wrong. If it cannot be falsified, it is not considered scientific.

What did Thomas Kuhn argue about science?

He argued that scientific disciplines are defined by a shared set of assumptions and methods called a paradigm, and that psychology lacks a universally accepted paradigm, making it a pre-science.

What is a paradigm?

A paradigm is a shared set of assumptions, theories, and methods that guide research within a scientific discipline.

Why did Kuhn argue psychology is a pre-science?

Psychology has many conflicting approaches and lacks a single unified framework, unlike natural sciences which have core principles (e.g. evolution in biology).

What is a paradigm shift?

A paradigm shift occurs when an existing paradigm is challenged and replaced due to accumulating evidence, leading to a major change in scientific thinking.

What are examples of paradigm shifts in psychology?

• Psychodynamic approach → Behaviourist approach

• Behaviourist approach → Cognitive approach

• Cognitive approach → Biological approach