Ch. 7 Terms

carbon dioxide

tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

cartilage

tough connective tissue more rigid than ligaments

cilia

minute, hairlike structures that extend from cell surface

diffuse

to move or spread out a substance at random

oxygen

tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

pH

symbol that indicates degree of acidity

serous membrane

layer that covers body cavities, keeps membrane moist

nasal cavity

chamber lined with mucous membranes & tiny hairs called cilia

nasal septum

cartilage that divides nasal cavity into two sides

olfactory neurons

receptors for sense of smell

3 sections of throat

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

posterior to nose

oropharynx

posterior to mouth

laryngopharynx

superior to larynx

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

collection of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx

palatine tonsils

tonsils located in oropharynx, protect opening to respiratory tract from microscopic organisms

larynx (voice box)

has structures that make vocal sounds possible

epiglottis

seals off air passage to lungs during swallowing

trachea (windpipe)

provide rigidity to keep air passage open

what two branches does the trachea divide into

bronchi

bronchioles

smaller & smaller branches of bronchus

alveoli

tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles

pulmonary capillaries

next to alveoli, where CO2 and O2 exchange

how many lobes are in right lung

3

how many lobes are in left lung

2

mediastinum

space between right and left lungs; contains heart, aorta, esophagus, & bronchi

serous membrane (pleura)

covers lobes of lungs & cavity walls

visceral pleura

membrane lying closest to lung

parietal pleura

membrane lining thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

space between membranes

diaphragm

large muscular partition, between chest & abdomen

inspiration

decrease in pressure, air into lungs

expiration

increase in pressure, air leaves lungs

pulmonary respiration

process of O2 from air, carried to body cells for use, CO2 & water (waste products) go to lungs, then out to environment

processes of pulmonary respiration

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. External Respiration
3. Transport of Respiratory Gases
4. Internal Respiration

pulmonary ventilation

air into & out of lungs, response to blood changes of CO2 and O2 levels

external respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli & blood in pulmonary capillaries

transport of respiratory gases

movement of O2 to body cells & CO2 to lungs

internal respiration

exchange of O2 & CO2 between body cells & blood in systemic capillaries

nasal

pertaining to nose

rhinoplasty

surgical repair of the nose

septoplasty

surgical repair of septum

sinusotomy

incision of sinus cavity

pharyngoscope

instrument for examining throat

adenoidectomy

excision of adenoids

peritonsillar

pertaining to around tonsils

epiglottitis

epiglottis inflammation

laryngoplegia

paralysis of larynx

tracheoplasty

surgical repair of trachea

bronchiectasis

dilation of bronchus

bronchoscope

instrument for examining bronchus

bronchiolitis

inflammation of bronchioles

alveolar

pertaining to alveolus

pleuroscopy

visual examination of pleura

pneumolith

stones in lung

pneumonia

condition of the lungs

pulmonologist

specialist in lung study

anthracosis

condition of coal dust

atelectasis

incomplete expansion

pneumoconiosis

condition of dust in lungs

cyanosis

abnormal condition of blue

lobectomy

excision of a lobe

orthopnea

straight/standing breathing

pectoralgia

pain in the chest

stethoscope

instrument for examining chest

thoracopathy

disease of the chest

phrenospasm

twitching of the diaphragm

spirometer

instrument for measuring breath

hypercapnia

excessive CO2

anosmia

without smell

dysphonia

difficult to make voice sounds

apnea

without breathing

hemptysis

spitting up blood

hemothorax

blood in chest

bradypnea

slow breathing

dyspnea

painful breathing

eupnea

normal breathing

tachypnea

rapid breathing

thoracodynia

chest pain

pulmonology

medical specialty concerned with respiratory disorders

pulmonologist

physician who treats respiratory disorders

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

respiratory disorders that produce chronic partial obstruction of air passages

3 major COPD disorders

asthma, chronic bronchitis, & emphysema

asthma

produces spasms in bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent, causing dyspnea

bronchospasms

spasms in bronchial passages

paroxysmal

beginning suddenly or violently

what causes asthma

exposure to allergens or irritants

productive cough

coughing episodes that produce large amounts of mucus

exacerbations

flare ups

mucolytics

agents that loosen & break down mucus

bronchodilators

medications that expand bronchi

status asthmatics

life

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi caused mainly by smoking & air pollution

emphysema

decreased elasticity of alveoli, where alveoli expand (dilate) but don't contract to original size

consolidation

lung tissue loses spongey texture, becomes swollen

aspiration pneumonia

when inhaled substances cause pneumonia

lobar pneumonia

generally bacterial origin & affects a large portion or entire lobe of lung

primary pneumonia

pneumonia that typically occurs in young adults

bronchopneumonia

caused by variety of things, centered in bronchi

secondary pneumonia

pneumonia that tends to occur in infants & weak elderly