Lesson 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules (Lipids, Proteins, NA)

Lipids are not a true ____, they are repeating units of ___

polymer, monomer

Lipids are made up of what elements?

C, H, and O (no set ratio)

Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic

What are fats?

combination of glycerol and fatty acids

What is glycerol

a 3 hydroxyl group alcohol

What are fatty acids?

hydrocarbon chains of 16-18 carbons, end has a carboxyl group

How do fatty acids link to glycerol?

Dehydration reaction occurs between hydroxyl and carboxyl group

Triglycerides are known as ___

dietary fats

Fatty acids can be ___ or ____

saturated, unsaturated

Saturated means they are saturated in___ and are __bonded

hydrogens, single

Saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated means they are ___ saturated with hydrogen and have ___ bonds

not, double

Saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated fats are straight so they ___ and ___. ____ at room temperature (ex. butter and animal fats on meat)

stack, clog, solid

Unsaturated fats are bent so they don’t ___ or ___. ___ at room temperature (ex. olive oil and avocado oil) They’re healthy for us

stack, clog, liquid

Cis or trans fats referes to what?

the placement of hydrogen atoms around the double bond

Trans fats are good or bad?

bad, they are lasting fats

What develops with a fatty diet in atherosclerosis?

plaque within the walls of your blood vessels

Phospholipids are essential for cells because they make up the ___

cell membrane

Phosopholipids are Amphipathic which means…?

they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Bilayer

phospholipids self-organize into bilayers, hydrophobic tails together and hydrophilic heads face towards the water environment

Steroids are overall ____

hydrophobic

Majority of cell functions are carried out by ___ and we have ____

proteins, a lot

Proteins have a unique ___ shape

3D

Hormonal proteins

coordination of an organism’s activities (e.g. insulin)

Receptor proteins

response of cell to chemical stimuli

Contractile and motor proteins

movement (actin and myosin, muscle fibers)

Structural proteins

support (collagen, keratin for hair)

Enzymatic proteins

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Defensive proteins

protection against disease

Storage proteins

storage of amino acids

Transport proteins

transport of substances

Enzymes

facilitate chemical reactions in living things, proteins that act as a catalyst

Catalyst

chemical agents that speed up chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Amino acids are the monomers of ___

proteins

Proteins are built from the same set of ___

20 amino acids

Amino acids are composed of what three groups?

amino, carboxyl, and r group (side chain)

9/20 amino acids are (mainly C-H) ___

hydrophobic

6/20 amino acids are (have O or OH/Polar) ___

hydrophillic

The backbone of a protein is the ___

linked chain of peptide bonds

First amino acid = amino end = ___

n-terminus (engine)

Last amino acid = carboxyl end = ____

c-terminus (caboose)

Four levels of protein structure (folding)

1. primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quaternary

Primary phase

amino acid sequence in polypeptide chains

Secondary phase

alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Tertiary phase

gives it its 3D shape, side chains interact

Quaternary phase

several tertiary to make one protein with one specific function (not all have to go to this stage)

Sickle Cell Disease

1. primary phase mishap where there is a substitution in one amino acid for hemoglobin giving it a different shape

How often does protein folding happen?

spontaneously

What are chaperons?

proteins(help shy proteins in folding)

What are some ways proteins can be denatured?

pH imbalance, temperature change, and salinity change

Can proteins refold once being denatured?

yes

Nucleic Acid Monomer

nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Polymers

DNA & RNA

What does DNA do?

holds the codes for your protein to code you

What does RNA do?

Assist in protein production