APUSH: Chapter 21 - Key Terms

Alice Paul

Prominent suffragist and women's rights activist known for her leadership in the campaign for women's right to vote. She played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement, employing nonviolent civil disobedience strategies to advance the cause.

Bad Trusts

Large and powerful combinations of businesses engaging in unfair and anti-competitive practices during a period of industrialization in American history. These trusts, often associated with monopolies and oppressive market practices, raised concerns about economic inequality and prompted regulatory efforts to curb their power.

Bull Moose party

A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in the early 20th century, representing progressive and reformist ideas. Emerging during the 1912 presidential election as a third-party alternative to the Republicans and Democrats, the Party advocated for social justice, labor rights, and environmental conservation.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A key figure in the women's suffrage movement, she organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. An early advocate for women's rights, she contributed significantly to the drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for gender equality.

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader and five-time presidential candidate, he was a prominent figure in the labor movement. He co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and advocated for workers' rights, social justice, and a more equitable economic system.

Eugenics

A controversial movement in the early 20th century aiming to improve the human population through selective breeding. While proponents argued for the betterment of society, practices often led to discriminatory policies and were later widely criticized.

Father John Ryan

A Catholic priest and social reformer, he advocated for social justice and workers' rights during the Progressive Era. He emphasized the moral responsibility of addressing economic inequalities and championed various social reforms.

Federal Reserve Act

Legislation passed in 1913 establishing the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. aimed to provide a more stable and flexible monetary system, regulating the money supply and promoting economic stability.

Gifford Pinchot

Conservationist and first Chief of the United States Forest Service, he played a key role in the conservation movement. He emphasized the sustainable use of natural resources and the need to balance conservation with economic development.

Good Trusts

Large corporations or combinations of businesses perceived as ethical and beneficial to society, distinguishing them from entities engaging in harmful practices. These trusts were often associated with responsible business practices, fair competition, and contributions to societal well-being.

Hetch Hetchy

Controversy over the damming of the ___ Valley in Yosemite National Park, highlighting tension between conservation and development. The debate underscored the challenges of balancing environmental preservation with the growing demand for resources.

Hull House

Settlement house in Chicago founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, providing social services and support to immigrant communities. symbolized the settlement house movement, addressing the needs of urban populations and promoting social reform.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist known for investigative reporting that exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Her work contributed to public awareness about the negative impacts of powerful corporations on competition and consumer choice.

Interstate Commerce Act

Legislation passed in 1887 to regulate railroad rates and prevent discriminatory practices in the transportation industry. marked an early attempt to address issues of economic concentration and unfair business practices in the railroad sector.

IWW ('Wobblies')

a radical labor union founded in 1905 advocating for the rights of industrial workers and opposing capitalism. promoted solidarity among workers and sought to address issues of exploitation and inequality in the workplace.

Jane Addams

Social reformer and co-founder of Hull House, she dedicated herself to improving the lives of immigrants and promoting social justice. She was a leading figure in the settlement house movement and a strong advocate for peace.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraking journalist known for exposés on political corruption and urban issues in the early 20th century. His investigative journalism exposed systemic corruption in municipal governments and contributed to the broader Progressive Era reforms.

Louis Brandeis

Lawyer and Supreme Court Justice known for his progressive legal philosophy and advocacy for social and economic reforms. played a key role in shaping legal doctrines that addressed issues such as antitrust, labor rights, and individual privacy.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists exposing social and political issues, contributing to the Progressive Era's reform efforts. played a crucial role in raising public awareness about corruption, inequality, and other societal problems, leading to calls for reform.

Municipal Reforms

Efforts to improve local government efficiency and eliminate corruption, addressing urban issues during the Progressive Era. aimed to enhance accountability, transparency, and responsiveness in local governance.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to advocate for civil rights and combat racial discrimination. played a significant role in challenging segregation and promoting equality through legal and social means.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Key organization in the women's suffrage movement, working towards securing voting rights for women. coordinated suffrage efforts nationwide and played a crucial role in the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's progressive agenda emphasizing antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction. represented Wilson's commitment to economic fairness and competition, aiming to create a more open and just society.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive political platform advocating for government intervention in economic and social issues. sought to address economic concentration and social injustice through active government involvement and regulation.

New Woman

Represents a changing societal role for women in the early 20th century, emphasizing independence and equality. The ___ challenged traditional gender norms and contributed to the broader women's rights movement.

Newlands Act

Legislation in 1902 authorizing federal funds for irrigation projects in the Western United States, addressing agricultural challenges. aimed to enhance agricultural productivity and settlement in the arid West through federally funded irrigation projects.

Panic of 1907

Financial crisis leading to calls for banking and monetary reforms, contributing to the creation of the Federal Reserve System. highlighted weaknesses in the banking system and underscored the need for a more stable and regulated financial system.

Professional Associations

Organizations promoting standards and ethical practices within various fields during the Progressive Era. played a crucial role in establishing and upholding ethical standards, fostering collaboration, and advancing expertise in various professions.

Prohibition

Nationwide ban on the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages enacted through the 18th Amendment in 1919. aimed to address social issues associated with alcohol abuse but led to challenges such as the rise of organized crime.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Legislation in 1906 aiming to protect consumers from unsafe and mislabeled products, marking a milestone in regulation. addressed public health concerns by regulating the quality and labeling of food and pharmaceuticals.

Referendum

Political process allowing voters to directly approve or reject proposed laws or constitutional amendments. provides a mechanism for direct citizen participation in decision-making, particularly in matters of legislation and constitutional changes.

Robert La Follette

Progressive politician and governor of Wisconsin, known for his advocacy of direct democracy and social reforms. championed progressive policies, including direct primary elections and labor rights, earning him the nickname "Fighting Bob."

Settlement Houses

Institutions like Hull House providing social services and community support to immigrant populations in urban areas. played a crucial role in addressing the needs of marginalized communities, offering education, healthcare, and social support.

Sierra Club

Environmental organization founded by John Muir advocating for conservation and protection of natural resources. played a pivotal role in promoting environmental awareness, conservation policies, and the preservation of national parks.

Social Gospel

Progressive movement within Christianity emphasizing social justice and addressing societal issues. sought to apply Christian teachings to social problems, advocating for economic equality, labor rights, and other reforms.

Social Work

Providing assistance and support to individuals and communities facing social challenges, reflecting broader social reform efforts. emerged as a profession dedicated to addressing societal issues, promoting welfare, and improving the well-being of individuals and communities.

Tammany Hall

Powerful political machine in New York City known for its influence and often associated with corruption. wielded significant political control through patronage, electoral strategies, and connections with immigrant communities.

Thorstein Veblen

Economist and sociologist known for his critique of conspicuous consumption and the role of social institutions in economic behavior. His work highlighted the social and cultural factors influencing economic behavior and consumption patterns.

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire

1911 tragedy highlighting the need for workplace safety regulations and improved labor conditions. resulted in significant loss of life and spurred reforms in labor laws and workplace safety standards.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Prominent African American sociologist, civil rights activist, and co-founder of the NAACP. Played a leading role in advocating for civil rights, racial equality, and education for African Americans, contributing to the broader struggle for racial justice.

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

Advocacy group for temperance playing a significant role in the push for Prohibition. Campaigned against the consumption of alcoholic beverages and played a key role in the broader temperance movement.

Western Progressives

Political reformers in the Western United States championing various social and political changes. Were instrumental in advancing policies related to conservation, labor rights, and direct democracy in the early 20th century.

Woman's Club Movement

Involvement of women in clubs to address social and civic issues during the Progressive Era. The movement provided a platform for women to engage in civic activism, social reform, and community service, contributing to broader efforts for women's rights.