pol phil test 2

"Who should rule (core debate)"

"Conflict between rule by experts (Plato) and rule by the collective (Rousseau

"Plato: who should rule"

"Guardians (philosopher-kings) with expertise in governing."

"Why Plato rejects democracy"

"It empowers an uninformed and irrational populace."

"Plato on corruption prevention"

"Guardians live without property and prioritize the state over self-interest."

"Rousseau: who should rule"

"The people collectively through the General Will."

"Rousseau on sovereignty"

"Sovereignty belongs to the people and cannot be represented."

"General Will"

"The collective will aimed at the common good

"Machiavelli: who should rule"

"The people in a democratic republic."

"Why Machiavelli supports republics"

"They are stable

"Nature of democracy"

"Evaluated by procedures

"Intrinsic value of democracy"

"Valuable in itself (equality

"Instrumental value of democracy"

"Valuable for outcomes (better decisions

"Mixed motivation problem"

"Voters pursue self-interest instead of the common good."

"Effect of mixed motivation"

"Prevents discovery of the true collective will."

"Condorcet condition"

"Voting works if voters aim at the common good and are more than 50% correct."

"Rousseau on democracy"

"A social contract trading natural liberty for civil liberty."

"Rousseau on rights"

"No need for rights protections because the people are the sovereign."

"Negative liberty"

"Freedom from interference."

"Mill’s Harm Principle"

"Interference is justified only to prevent harm to others."

"Berlin on negative liberty"

"Requires a protected private sphere."

"Negative liberty and autocracy"

"Possible if rulers do not interfere in private life."

"Positive liberty"

"Freedom to be one’s own master."

"Individual positive liberty"

"Self-control over one’s impulses."

"Collective positive liberty"

"Freedom through belonging to a self-governing group."

"Berlin’s warning"

"Positive liberty can justify coercion in the name of true freedom."

"Rousseau: natural liberty"

"Unlimited freedom in the state of nature."

"Rousseau: civil liberty"

"Freedom under law with protection."

"Rousseau: moral liberty"

"Obeying laws one prescribes to oneself."

"Plato vs Machiavelli/Swift"

"Expert rule vs democratic participation."

"Mill vs Rousseau"

"Individual protection vs collective authority."

"Berlin’s role"

"Warns that positive liberty can destroy negative liberty."