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what artery is used to measure BP
brachial
systolic pressure refers to the peak arterial BP taken during what?
ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure refers to the minimum arterial BP taken during what
ventricular relaxation
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is known as
pulse pressure
the mean pressure one would obtain by taking measurements at several intervals throughout the cardiac cycle is known as
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
what is the equations for MAP
diastolic + (1/3 of pulse pressure)
blood flow in arteries is ____ while flow in veins and capillaries is ____
pulsatile, steady
t/f
BP tends to lower with age
false, rise
stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls is known as
arteriosclerosis
hypertension is a BP>
140/90
hypotension is a BP <
90/60
what can cause hypotension
blood loss, dehydration, anemia
what is known as the "silent killer"? why?
hypertension
most common cardiovascular disease, person doesn't feel the damage
how does hypertension damage the heart
increases afterload, myocardium enlarges
which type of hypertension is 90% of all cases
primary
what can lead to primary hypertension
obesity, sedentary behavior, diet, nicotine
secondary hypertension results in response to another disease. What are some diseases that could cause hypertension to occur
cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, atherosclerosis, kidney disease
what determines BP
CO, blood volume, resistance to flow
what regulates blood volume
kidneys
the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time is known as
blood flow
the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time is known as
perfusion
at rest, total flow is ___ and is equal to ___
constant, CO
the flow of blood through blood vessels is known as
hemodynamics
the distance a particle of fluid travels with regard to time is known as
velocity
rate of displacement of a volume of fluid is known as
flow
blood flow is based on what two factors
pressure and resistance
greater pressure = ___ flow
greater resistance = ___ flow
greater, less
according to poiseuille's law, larger radius means average velocity of flow is ___ and a small radius will have an average velocity of flow that is ____
high, low
the opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart is known as
peripheral resistance
what 3 variables affect resistance
blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius
what two things cause an increase in viscosity the most
RBC count, albumin concentration
increased viscosity with polycythemia and dehydration ___ flow
slows
the farther blood travels through a vessel the more ___ it encounters, thus declining ___ and ___ with distance
friction, pressure, flow
what is the most powerful influence on flow
vessel radius
what type of vessel outnumbers any other type of artery and is the most significant point of control over peripheral resistance
aterioles
arterioles produce ____ of the total peripheral resistance
half