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Ozone Depletion
The process where CFCs react with ozone in the stratosphere, depleting the ozone layer.
Tropospheric Ozone Depletion
NO2 reacts with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere, contributing to photochemical smog.
Importance of Wetlands
Wetlands provide ecosystem services like water filtration, flood control, and wildlife habitat.
The Nitrogen Cycle
The cycle includes nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification.
Soil Components
O Horizon contains organic matter, A Horizon is topsoil, E Horizon is leaching zone, B Horizon accumulates nutrients, C Horizon is least weathered.
Climate Change
Human activities like burning fossil fuels contribute to increased greenhouse gases, leading to global warming and ocean acidification.
pH
pH measures H+ and OH- ions in a solution, with acids having more H+ and bases more OH-.
Formation of Acids in the Environment
NOx, SOx, and CO2 react with water to form acids, impacting ecosystems.
Electricity
The flow of electrons generated from various energy sources through turbines and generators.
Air Pollution
Tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog formation result from reactions of pollutants like nitrogen oxides and VOCs.
Dams
Hydroelectric projects provide renewable energy but can lead to human displacement, ecosystem destruction, and siltation.
Eutrophication
Excessive nutrients lead to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and dead zone formation in aquatic ecosystems.
Landfills
Solid waste management terms include leachate, methane collection, and HDPE liners to manage waste effectively.
The Carbon Cycle
The exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms, crucial for regulating Earth's climate.
Carbon Sequestration
The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to mitigate its presence in the atmosphere.
Industrial Agriculture Impacts
Negative effects of agricultural practices on water, air, land, and biodiversity.
Greenhouse Gases
Gases like CO2 that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
Thermal Expansion of Seawater
The increase in seawater volume due to rising temperatures, leading to sea level rise.
Climate Change and Disease Transmission
The link between rising temperatures and the spread of diseases by insects.
Biological Carbon Sequestration
Storing carbon in vegetation, soils, and oceans to reduce CO2 levels.
Population Bottleneck
A sharp reduction in population size causing loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity.
Biodiversity Importance
The resilience and stability of ecosystems due to genetic, species, and habitat diversity.
Habitat Loss
The destruction of habitats leading to species extinction and ecosystem imbalance.
Ecological Tolerance
The range of environmental conditions an organism can withstand before harm occurs.
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