ANIMAL SCIENCE 11:067:142 - Exam 3 Study Guide

How much calcium does milk provide in an average American's diet?

76%.

Milk is one of the best sources of complete _______.

Protein.

How many Americans suffer from osteoporosis?

20 million.

What percentage of dietary vitamin B12 comes from milk?

20%.

In what year did Americans drink more than four times as much milk as carbonated soft drinks?

1945.

In the United States, soda intake is (increasing/decreasing) while milk intake is (increasing/decreasing).

Increasing; decreasing.

How does fluid milk consumption compare to the consumption of other dairy products?

Consumption of milk is decreasing, while consumption of solid dairy products (butter, cheese) is increasing.

How many pounds of milk are required to make one pound of cheese?

10 lbs.

How many pounds of milk are required to make one pound of butter?

21.2 lbs.

Like many other agricultural production processes, cheesemaking is what type of process?

Fermentation.

What is the most popular non-milk alternative?

Almond milk.

What are 5 popular non-milk alternatives?

Almond, soy, coconut, oat, rice milk.

Besides for fluid milk, what other dairy products' consumption rates are declining annually?

Yogurt, ice cream.

In 2010, Coca-Cola spent $2.9 billion in advertising. How much did dairy producers spend in 2011 for promotional activities?

$203 million.

Why is it more difficult to advertise for dairy than to advertise Coca-Cola?

The dairy industry is made of many, separate farms and producers while Coca-Cola is a single, multinational company.

The trend of decreased milk consumption and increased soda consumption is most prevalent in which age group?

Teenagers.

What types of milk are there?

Whole (3.25%), 2%, 1%, non-fat.

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.

Who is pasteurization named after?

Louis Pasteur.

High Temperature Short Time Pasteurization (HTST)

Heated to 72ºC (161ºF) for 15 seconds.

Ultra High Temperature Pasteurization (UHT)

Heated to 138ºC (280ºF) for 2.0 seconds.

Shelf Stable

Can be stored at room temperature without refrigeration until opened.

Homogenization

Mixes milk so fat globules fully break down and are dispersed evenly throughout.

How does homogenization affect the appearance of milk?

Provides white color and smooth texture.

What does non-homogenized milk contain?

Layer of cream on surface when non shaken.

How is milk homogenized?

Pumped through small openings under very high pressure?

What is the main protein in milk?

Casein.

Why is selling raw milk illegal some states?

It can contain pathogenic bacteria that can lead to certain dangerous diseases, especially harmful to young children, pregnant women, or any immunocompromised person.

What are some benefits of raw milk?

May have hypoallergenic effects, better nutritional quality.

What government agency oversees the production of organic milk?

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

.What are some requirements to sell milk as "organic"?

- Cows are fed 100% organic feed.

What are two important responsibilities of organic farmers?

Record-keeping and animal welfare.

How are organic farms enforced to follow regulations?

Unannounced audits and farm inspections.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

New organisms created by altering the genetic material of existing organisms.

Which two states contain the most certified organic farms in 2015?

California and Wisconsin.

How many certified organic farms are in New Jersey?

Less than 50.

How many dairy farms are in American today compared to 1940?

Under 40000 today, 4.5 million in 1940.

What are the 5 types of dairies?

Commercial, registered, confinement, semi-confinement, pasture-based.

Why have there been significant shifts in milk production?

Milk is less perishable due to modern technology, economics of dairy farming favors larger farms, environmental regulations.

What breed of cow makes up 95% of dairy cows in America?

Holstein.

What other ruminants are used for milk production globally?

Sheep, goats, camels, buffalo, llamas, alpacas.

What breed of cow produces the most fat in dairy?

Jersey.

What are the seven main cow breeds for dairy farming?

Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Milking Shorthorn, Lineback.

How have cows been selectively bred?

Bred to have better mammary system, including larger udders and higher milking capacity.

How has feeding technology and cow nutrition improved?

Increased use of concentrate feeds and improved forage quality.

What is the main advantage of the ruminant digestive system for dairy production?

Ability to digest fiber and detoxify substances while producing protein and vitamins.

Silagemaking, like many other agricultural production processes, is a ____________ process.

Fermentation.

Byproduct Feed

A feed other than the primary product from plant, animal, and industrial processing (e.g. brewing and distillation byproducts).

What factors induce cows to release milk?

Time, sight of calf, touching udder, sound of milking, oxytocin.

What are two common designs cow-milking facilities?

Milking parlors, rotary parlors.

How are cows milk using machines?

Vacuums.

What technological advancements in agriculture have lead to greater reproductive efficiency for farm animals?

Artificial insemination, estrous synchronization, cloning, embryo transfer.

What are the three types of horse?

Hot, cold, and warmblood.

Light or "Hot" Horses

Often are more nervous and flighty.

Cold or "Draft" Horses

Often calmer than hot breeds.

Warmblood Horses

Sport/show horses. Holsteiner, Trakhener, Hanoverian, Swedish Warmblood.

What are the categories of horse breed?

Closed book, color, open book, crosses, grade horses.

Closed Book Breeds

Based strictly on parentage: thoroughbred, standardbred, quarter horse, Arabian.

Color Breeds

Based on coat coloring: palomino, appaloosa, paint.

Open Book Breeds

Performance testing with or without parentage restrictions; most warmbloods from Europe employ this.

Cross Breeds

Anglo-Arab, Morab, Appendix Quarter Horse. Often have their own breed specific shows and competitions.

Grade Horses

Not registered with any breed registry and can only compete in "open" competitions that are open to all breeds of horses. Unknown lineage/parentage.

Common Coat Colors

Bay, chestnut, grey, buckskin, black.

Bay Coat

Brown body with black mane, tail, and lower legs.

Chestnut Coat

Mane, tail, and lower legs are the same color as the body.

Grey Coat

Born black or bay and grey out with age.

Buckskin Coat

Cream/gold colored body with black mane, tail, and lower legs.

Black Coat

Uncommon except for Friesian horses.

Pinto/Paint Coat

Brown (Skewbald) or black (Piebald) patches on white body with white legs (Tobiano), or white patches on a brown or black body (Overo).

Appaloosa Coat

White spots on brown or black body or vice versa.

Palomino Coat

Golden body with blond mane and tail.

What are the five main types of gait?

Walk, trot, canter, gallop, pace.

Beat

Hoofbeat/how the hooves hit the ground. Ex: four-beat gait is when all four hooves hit the ground independently, while two-beat is when two hooves hit the ground together.

Walk

A four-beat gait where at least one hoof is in contact with the ground at all times. Fairly slow compared to other gaits.

Trot

A two-beat diagonal gait that can be very fast. Right front and left hind move together; left front and right hind move together.

Canter

A three-beat gait where one foreleg "leads". Comfortable riding gait.

Gallop

A four-beat gait with a suspension phase (no legs are on the ground). Generally the fastest gait.

Pace

A two-beat lateral gait (legs of same side move together). Racing gait.

American Standardbred

Can be three or five-gaited. Five-gaited horses perform a slow gait and a rack, which are both lateral, four-beat gaits.

Paso Fino

Four-beat lateral gait, slow and collected.

Paso Largo

Four-beat lateral gait, very fast paced.

Icelandic Pony

Performs a lateral four-beat gait known as the tölt, and a flying pace, a lateral two-beat gait.

Foal

Still nursing, can be either sex.

Filly

Intact female equine,

Colt

Intact male equine,

Weanling

Weaned horse of either sex,

Mare

Intact mature female equine, >3 years old.

Stallion/Stud

Intact mature male equine, >3 years old.

Gelding

Castrated male horse.

Broodmare

Mare used for breeding as opposed to athletic performance.

True or False: Pregnant females cannot perform.

False.

What is a horse's first instinct when frightened?

To flee.

A cornered horse will..

Fight back by kicking, biting, and striking.

How do horses behave socially?

Horses live in herds that display dominance hierarchies and well-developed communication.

What is the biggest stressor to a horse?

Isolating it.

What kind of horse will be at the top of the herd's social hierarchy?

The eldest mare.

Horse Diet

Adapted to eat forages that are high in fiber.

How long do horses spend grazing/eating per day if they have free access to feed?

8-12 hours.

How does stalling a horse affect its ability to eat?

Stalled horses often go long periods without feed which causes gastric ulcers.

Horses can consume ____% to ____% of body weight in dry feed per day.

2.5% to 3.0%.