HSC 214 anatomy lab final

Kidney

Description: Bean-shaped structures located retroperitoneal

Function: Responsible for blood filtration and urine formation

Renal fascia

Description: Extraperitoneal connective tissue surrounding the kidneys and adrenal glands

Function: N/A

Renal capsule

Description: Inner, fibrous layer coating the kidney

Function: Maintains kidney shape and protects kidney from trauma

Hilum of kidney

Description: Concaved (indentation) medial border of kidney

Function: Where the renal arteries, veins and renal pelvis enter/leave the kidney

Renal pelvis

Description: Funnel-shaped tube narrowing into ureters

Function: Collects urine from the major calyces

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Description: Paired, pyramidal shaped endocrine glands

Function: Secretes hormones (corticosteroids and androgen) and catecholamine’s (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Renal cortex

Description: Outer part of kidney surrounding medulla

Function: Contains renla corpuscles and renal tubules where reabsorption and secretion occur

Renal columns

Description: Extensions of cortex between renal pyramids

Function: Divides the medulla into renal pyramids and contains interlobar arteries

Renal medulla

Description: Inner part of kidney

Function: N/A

Renal pyramids

Description: 8-10 cone-shaped masses that compose most of the medulla

Function: Contain collecting ducts that drain urine into the minor calyx

Renal papillae

Description: Tip of renal pyramid

Function: Releases urine into the minor calyx

Minor calyx

Description: Smaller collecting ducts at renal papillae

Function: Drains urine from the renal papillae and collecting ducts

Major calyx

Description: Larger collecting ducts which form from minor calyces

Function: Drains urine from the minor calyx to the renal pelvis

Afferent arteriole

Description: Vessel carrying blood into the renal corpuscle

Function: Supplies blood to the glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Description: Vessel carrying blood out of the renal corpuscle

Function: Drains blood from the glomerulus

Renal corpuscle

Description: Enlarged region of nephron containing the glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Function: N/A

Glomerulus

Description: Capillary network within the renal corpuscle

Function: Site of glomerular filtration, produces filtrate

Proximal convoluted tubule

Description: Tube between glomerulus and loop of henle

Function: Where water, glucose, salts, and amino acids get reabsorbed to the capillaries

Loop of henle

Description: U-shaped tube extending from the proximal convoluted tubule

Function: N/A

Descending limb

Description: Tube traveling toward the renal pelvis after the proximal convoluted tubule

Function: Where only water is reabsorbed to the capillaries (osmosis)

Ascending limb

Description: Tube traveling toward the cortex after the descending limb of loop of henle

Function: Potassium and sodium chloride (NaCl) only are reabsorbed to the capillaries (active transport)

Distal convoluted tube

Description: Tube after the loop of henle connecting to the collecting duct

Function: Where potassium and sodium chloride ions continue reabsorption to the capillaries

Collecting duct

Description: Duct after the distal convoluted tubule that travels through the renal pyramid, selectively permeable to water

Function: Depending on the need to conserve or eliminate water, the collecting duct absorbs water to change concentration of urine

Papillary duct

Description: Duct at end of collecting duct in the region of renal papillae

Function: Releases urine to minor calyx

Renal arteries

Description: Short arteries arising from the abdominal aorta to enter the hilum of the kidney

Function: Supplies blood to the kidneys and adrenal glands. Located posterior to the renal veins

Segmental arteries

Description: Branches of the renal arteries near the renal hilum

Function: Branches into the interlobar arteries

Interlobar arteries

Description: Arteries in the renal columns

Function: Branches into the arcuate arteries

Arcuate arteries

Description: Arteries at the base of the renal pyramids

Function: Branches into the interlobular arteries

Interlobular arteries

Description: Arteries in the renal cortex

Function: Branches into the afferent arterioles

Interlobar veins

Description: Veins in the renal cortex

Function: Drains blood from the efferent arterioles

Arcuate veins

Description: Veins at the base of the renal pyramids

Function: Drains blood from the interlobular veins

Interlobular veins

Description: Veins in the renal columns

Function: Drains blood from the arcuate veins

Urinary bladder

Description: Hollow, expandable organ posterior to the pubic symphysis

Relationship: Storage for urine

Serosa

Description: Visceral peritoneum covering the roof of the urinary bladder

Relationship: N/A

Detrusor muscle

Description: Smooth muscle layer of the urinary bladder

Relationship: When the urinary bladder expand, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract

Rugae of urinary bladder

Description: Mucosal folds on the internal surface of the urinary bladder

Relationship: Allows for distension of the urinary bladder

Ureteral openings

Description: Openings of the ureters into the posterior inferior aspect of the urinary bladder

Relationship: Where urine enters the inferior portion of urinary bladder

Trigone

Description: Smooth, triangular region on the internal surface of the urinary bladder

Relationship: Ureteral openings form the base and the urethral opening forms the apex

Urethra

Description: Duct draining the urinary bladder

Relationship: In females transports urine, in males transports semen and urine

Internal urethral opening

Description: Space at the apex of the trigone

Relationship: Where urine exits the urinary bladder

Internal urethral sphincter

Description: Smooth muscle (involuntary) compressing the internal urethral opening

Relationship: N/A

External urethral sphincter

Description: Skeletal muscle (voluntary) compressing the urethra

Relationship: N/A

Mons pubis

Description: Subcutaneous fat pad anterior to pubic symphysis

Relationship: After puberty, is covered in hair

Labium majus

Description: Larger, hair covered folds created by subcutaneous fat

Relationship: Protects external genitalia

Labium minus

Description: Thin, hairless folds medial to labium majus

Relationship: Contains sebaceous glands

Clitoris

Description: Erectile tissue anterior to external urethral orifice

Relationship: N/A

Vaginal orifice

Description: Inferior opening of the vagina

Relationship: Covered by the hymen

External urethral orifice

Description: Exit of urethra anterior to the vaginal orifice

Relationship: Exit for urine

Ovaries

Description: Paired, female gonads that are small, almond shaped

Relationship: Where maturation of oocytes occur

Uterine (fallopian) tubes

Description: Thin, muscular tubes

Relationship: Transports mature ovum to uterus and common site of fertilization

Fimbriae

Description: Mobile, finger-like projections at distal end of uterine tube

Relationship: Guide released ovum into the uterine tube

Infundibulum

Description: Funnel shaped opening of utuerine tube with fimbriae

Relationship: N/A

Uterus

Description: Pear shaped organ posterior to the urinary bladder

Relationship: Site of ovum implantation and fetal development

Myomentrium

Description: Thick, smooth muscle layer

Relationship: Functions to induce uterine contractions

Endometrium

Description: Inner lining of uterus

Relationship: Site of ovum implantation and is shed monthly in the menstrual cycle

Fundus of uterus

Description: Wide, dome shaped portion of the uterus superior to openings of the uterine tubes

Relationship: N/A

Body of uterus

Description: Narrow, middle portion of the uterus

Relationship: N/A

Cervix

Description: Cylindrical end of the uterus

Relationship: N/A

External OS

Description: Narrow opening in cervix

Relationship: Junction of the cervix and vagina

Fornix

Description: Recess surrounding cervix

Relationship: N/A

Vagina

Description: Muscular, hollow tube extending from the uterus to the vaginal orifice

Relationship: N/A

Hymen

Description: Thin, membranous covering vaginal orifice

Relationship: N/A

Round ligament of uterus

Description: Fibrous cord extending from the uterus to the inguinal canal

Relationship: N/A

Broad ligament

Description: Double layer of peritoneum covering the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries containing blood vessels and nerves to the uterus

Relationship: N/A

Ovarian ligament

Description: Fibrous cord extending from the ovaries to the uterus

Relationship: N/A

Levator ani muscle

Description: Group of muscles to the pelvic floor

Relationship: Supports pelvic viscera

Rectouterine (douglas) pouch

Description: Recess between the rectum and uterus

Relationship: Most inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity in females

Areola

Description: Pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

Relationship: N/A

Nipple

Description: Elevation of skin at center of breast

Relationship: Contains smooth muscle

Pectoralis major

Description: Muscle deep to the pectoral fat pad

Relationship: Adducts and medially rotates the arm

Pectoral fat pad

Description: Conical-shaped fat pad

Relationship: Contains mammary glands

Axillary tail (process)

Description: Extension of fat in the superolateral breast

Relationship: Functions as fat storage

Suspensory ligaments

Description: Fibrous connective tissue connecting to the dermis

Relationship: Supports breast tissue

Mammary gland

Description: Milk producing gland

Relationship: N/A

Secretory alveoli

Description: Small cavities lined by milk secreting cells

Relationship: Production of milk

Lobules

Description: Groups of secretory alveoli

Relationship: N/A

Lactiferous ducts

Description: Ducts connecting mammary glands to the nipple

Relationship: Transfers milk from mammary glands to the nipple

Penis

Description: Body of erectile tissues

Relationship: Transmits urine and semen

Glans penis

Description: Expanded tip of penis composed of corpus spongiosum

Relationship: Contains the spongy urethra

Prepuce (foreskin)

Description: Folds of skin covering glans penis

Relationship: Commonly removed (circumcision)

External urethral orifice

Description: Opening of the urethra in the glans penis

Relationship: N/A

Scrotum

Description: Pouch of skin surrounding testis

Relationship: Contains the dartos muscle

Testis

Description: Paired, oval-shaped male gonads located in the scrotum

Relationship: Produces sperm cells and sex hormones

Epididymis

Description: Structure on the superior surface of testis in scrotum

Relationship: N/A

Spermatic cord

Description: Paired bundle of vessels extending from the deep inguinal ring to the testis

Relationship: N/A

Ductus (vas) deferens

Description: Tube-like structure of the spermatic cord extending from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Relationship: Common site for vasectomies

Cremaster muscle

Description: Thin layer of skeletal muscle layer surrounding the testis

Relationship: Elevates the testis

Seminal vesicle

Description: Paired, saclike gland on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

Relationship: Connected to the ductus (vas) deferens and secretes seminal fluid

Ejaculatory duct

Description: Short, paired ducts within the prostate gland connecting the ductus (vas) deferens to the urethra

Relationship: N/A

Prostate

Description: Exocrine gland located between the inferior part of the to the urinary bladder and base of penis

Relationship: Contains the ejaculatory duct and prostatic urethra. Transmits both urine and seminal fluid

Prostatic urethra

Description: Segment of the urethra that passes through the prostate

Relationship: N/A

Urogenital diaphragm

Description: N/A

Relationship: Pelvic floor

Membranous urethra

Description: Urethra passing through the urogenital diaphragm

Relationship: Carries semen and urine

Bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

Description: Exocrine gland located within the urogenital diaphragm

Relationship: N/A

Corpora cavernosa

Description: Two columns of erectile bodies of the penis

Relationship: N/A

Corpus spongiosum

Description: Midline erectile body of the penis

Relationship: Contains the spongy urethra

Spongy (cavernous) urethra

Description: Longest part of the male urethra

Relationship: Within the corpus spongiosum

Inguinal ligament

Description: Ligament attaching from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubis

Relationship: Forms the floor of the inguinal ligaments

Inguinal canal

Description: A tube-like passageway through the inferior abdominal wall muscles

Relationship: Passageway for the spermatic cord in males. Site of inguinal hernias in male

Superficial inguinal ring

Description: Superficial boundary of the inguinal canal

Relationship: Area of palpation for diagnosis of inguinal hernia