Exercise science

What is anatomical position?

The universal reference point

What is the transverse plane?

Divides body into top and bottom

What is the frontal plane?

Divides body into front and back

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides body into left and right

What is abduction?

Moving away from the middle of the body

What is adduction?

Moving towards the middle of the body

What does medial mean?

Nearer to the middle

What does lateral mean?

Farther from the middle

What does superficial mean?

Nearer to the surface

What is an example of the transverse plane?

Golf/baseball swing

What is an example of the frontal plane?

Jumping jack

What is an example of sagittal plane?

Walking, running, cycling

Flexion/extension

Sagittal plane (elbows, knees, hips, fingers, toes, and spine)

Abduction/ adduction

Frontal plane (shoulder, hip, wrist)

Circumduction/rotation

Ball and socket joints

Pronation/supination

Proximal and distal radioulnar joints in the forearm

Inversion/eversion

Foot

Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

Foot

Features of bone

Rigid framework, protection, acts as levers

Long bone & function

Arm and leg bones: acts as levers

Short bone & function

Wrist and ankle: absorbs shock

Flat bone & function

Skull and ribs: protective

Sesamoid bone

Patella (inside tendon): produce leverage

Irregular bone

Vertebrae: unique functions

What is hydroxy appetite?

Combination of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and water : contributes to stiffness and strength

What is collagen?

A structural protein: gives bone flexibility, lost with age

What is the composition of a bone?

Hydroxy appetite, collagen, and water

What is the epiphysis?

The end of the bone

What is the diaphysis?

The middle of the bone

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Becomes the epiphyseal line and how you grow

What are the types of muscle?

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

What are examples of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle?

Cardiac: heart, skeletal: bicep, smooth: intestines & arteries

What is a tendon?

Attach muscle to bone, strong fibrous tissue at the end of each muscle

What is a ligament?

Attach bone to bone, can sprain

What is a joint?

Where 2 bones meet

What are the features of a fibrous bone?

Least mobile and absorbs shock

What are the features of a cartilaginous joint?

Semi movable

What are the features of a synovial joint?

Most mobile (shoulder & knee)

What is an intrinsic ligament?

Inside a joint capsule (ACL)

What is an extrinsic ligament example?

MCL

What is a hinge joint?

Movement in one plane only (elbow, finger, knee)

What is a pivot joint?

One bone rotates around one axis (forearm during pronation & supination)

What is a plane joint?

Gliding action is the only movement allowed forward-backward, side to side (wrist)

What is a condyloid (knuckle) joint?

Flexsion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction all possible (all except thumb)

What is the saddle joint?

Flexsion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction all possible (thumb joint)

What is the ball and socket joint?

Movement in all planes: greatest range of motion of any joint type (shoulder and hip)

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

Most fatigue resistant, has own intrinsic beat, heart contraction/beating

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

Attached to bone, middle fatigue resistant, motor nerve control

What are features of smooth muscle?

Blood vessels and organs, slow uniform contractions, least fatigue resistant

What is the humerus bone?

The arm bone, shoulder to elbow

What is the femur bone?

From hip to knee, largest bone

What is the tibia bone?

Shine bone

What is wolfs law?

Bones adapt to stresses put on them, strengthening with increased stress (like exercise) and weakening with inactivity

What way to arteries move?

Away from the heart

What way to veins move?

Towards the heart

Flow of the heart

Goes in through the inferior or superior vena cava into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the aortic valve and out the aortic artery. Goes in through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, into the pulmonary valve and out the pulmonary artery.

What is the one part of the heart that is insulated?

Septum

How to find cardiac output?

CO= Stroke volume (volume of blood pumped each beat) * heart rate (number of beats per minute)

What is the max cardiac output?

220- age

Arteries generally carry

Oxygenated blood

Veins generally carry

Deoxygenated blood

What is a capillary?

Site of exchange: 1 cell thick, 10 billion in body

What is the fick equation?

VO2= CO (a - VO2)

What is A-VO2 (bus analogy)?

Bus is RBC, ppl are oxygen, how many ppl who get off is A-VO2 difference, driven by the number of capillaries you have

What does exercise science study?

How the body adapts physically, psychologically, and metabolically to exercise and physical activity

Type 1 muscle fiber

Most fatigue resistant, red in color, slow twitch

Type 2x muscle fiber

White in appearance, fewest mitochondria, most explosive

Is muscle fiber type modifiable?

No

What is phase dialation?

The opening of blood vessels

What is a semi lunar valve?

Controls blood flow from ventricles to major arteries

What is a atrioventricular valve?

Located between an atria and ventricles

What texture is the inside of bone & why?

Spongy: helps with shock absorption

Flexion/extension photo

Abduction/adduction photo

Circumduction/rotation photo

Pronation/supination photo

Inversion/eversion photo

Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion photo