Studied by 21 people
What is the most common muscle type?
skeletal muscles
What is the relationship between skeletal muscle and tendons?
Tendons attach muscle to bone.
Epimysium
layer of dene irregular CT surrounding entire skeletal muscle tissue.
What is the epimysium made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
Adduction
body part moves toward the trunk in a medial direction.
Abduction
body part moves away from trunk in a lateral direction.
adduction vs abduction
ADDuction: movement toward midline ABDuction: movement away from midline
Midline
vertical line in middle of the body dividing the body into equal left and right sides. Starts at top of head drawing straight down to the point between the two feet.
Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh
gracilis, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor minimus, obturator externus
flexion
decreases the joint angle (in an anterior/posterior plane)
Extension
increases the joint angle (in an anterior/posterior plane)
flexion vs. extension
flexion- joint angle DEcreases
extension- joint angle INcreases
rotation
bone pivots on its own longitudinal axis
supination
lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand is anterior
medial rotation
aka internal rotation. turns anterior surface of bone medially.
Example of plantar flexion
ballerina on tippy toes.
example of dorsiflexion
digging in your heel
What is the perineum?
bottom region of pelvic cavity. Diamond- shaped region between lower appendages. Bounded by pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities.
How is the perineum divided?
into two triangular regions divided by a transverse (horizontal) line between ischial tuberosities.
What do you find in the urogenital triangle?
external genitalia and urethra.
What is the main function of the pelvic floor?
to provide support/ act as a "floor" for pelvic and abdominal viscera (including rectum)
What does the pelvic floor play a role in?
Continence of urethra, anus, and vaginal orifices (openings).
What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus.
Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
Are skeletal muscles vascularized?
yes
Are skeletal muscles innervated?
yes
What are skeletal muscles innervated by?
Motor neurons
What gives long bones strength?
their curve/ bend
What is the importance of long bones?
Movement and support of body weight.
Where are long bones found?
upper legs, thigh, foot
Example of long bone
femur humerus phalanges
3 regions of long bone
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
Short bones
length is nearly equal to width.
Example of short bones
carpals, tarsals, wrist bones.
Irregular bones have
elaborate, sometimes complex shapes.
Example of irregular bones
maxilla, sacrum, mandible, vertebrae.
Where can you find medullary cavity?
long bones
What is the medullary cavity filled with?
Yellow bone marrow
Is the medullary cavity filled with yellow or red bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow
What is another name for red bone marrow?
myeloid tissue
What does red bone marrow consist of?
reticular CT, developing white blood cells, adipocytes
Red bone marrow is
hematopoietic- blood cell forming
What is the process of blood cell production?
hematopoiesis
Metaphysis
region of bone growth
Where is the epiphyseal plate found?
metaphysis
epiphyseal plate
region in children and young adults where bones elongate
What happens when the epiphyseal plate stops growing?
it turns into epiphyseal LINE (around 25-27 years)
Where can you find spongy bone?
At the ends of long bone.
Is spongy bone vascular or avascular?
highly vascularized.
What does spongy bone contain?
red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
product of red bone marrow degeneration as children age. fatty substance.
When may yellow bone marrow convert back to red bone marrow?
with severe anemia
When yellow bone marrow converts back to red bone marrow it facilitates the production of
additional erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Osteoporosis
reduced bone mass (can compromise normal function).
With osteoporosis, reduced hormones with age (vitamin D, growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone) contribute to
a reduction in bone mass
What is the significance of osteoporosis is men vs. women?
prevalence and risk of fracture are higher in women than in men.
What is the endomysium made of?
areolar connective tissue
Fascicle
surrounded by perimysium
Perimysium
layer of dense irregular CT surrounding each fascicle.
What is perimysium made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
Myofibril
long, cylindrical organelle found in muscle cells
Endomysium
areolar CT surrounding each muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber located below endomysium
Where is the sarcolemma located?
under endomysium
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
move body, produce heat, maintain posture, protect and support, regulation and elimination of materials.
Is cardiac muscle involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
Where can you find cardiac muscle?
only in the heart
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
What muscles are involuntary?
cardiac and smooth
What muscles are voluntary?
skeletal muscles
Where can you find smooth muscle?
intestines, urinary tract
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Tendons
attach muscle to bone
What attaches muscle to bone?
tendons
What attaches bone to bone?
ligaments
ligaments vs tendons
LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone. TENDONS attach muscle to bone.
Aponeurosis
thin, flattened sheet of dense regular CT. attaches muscle to either bone, ligament, or fascia.
What kind of CT is the aponeurosis made of?
dense regular CT
Aponeurosis can attach muscle to
bone, ligament, or fascia.
Note 
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