WHAP - Units 1 - 4

Thomas Paine

militant deist who advocated for liberty from Britain; was disliked by others for his anti-church writings

Mary Wollstonecraft

enlightenment period feminist

Creoles

american-born Europeans

Ana Nzinga

leader of Ndongo, resisted Portuguese expansion into slave trade, aligned with the dutch.

Ndongo

south African state led by Nzinga

Matamba

African state led by Nzinga, that effectively resisted the Portugeuse.

Black Sea

sea in Eastern Europe

Steppe

grassy, treeless spans of land, good for horses.

Yemelyan Pugachev

a Cossak who resisted Catherine the Great's centralization efforts.

Pugachev Rebellion

failed peasant rebellion that the further entrenched the serfdom-based hierarchy in Russia.

Maratha Empire

Hindu majority state in central India that resisted Mughal expansion in India.

Pueble Revolt

revolt by indigenous people in the Spanish Empire against forced conversion to Catholicism

Maroon Wars

conflits between Europeans and slaves for the end of enslavement of those people in the Caribbean.

Queen Nanny

leader who united the fomer slaves on the island of Jamaica.

Gloucester County Rebellion

Rebellion in North America where slaves and white indetured servants revolted for better treatment.

Metacom's War

conflict between indigenous people and English settlers in North America.

Mohegan

indigenous group that sided with the English during Metacom's War

Pequote

indigenous group that sided with the English during Metacom's War.

Wampanoag

indigenous group subjugated by the British to end the Metacom War

James II

Catholic King of Protestant majority England.

William of Orange

Protestant Dutch noble invited by the Portestants of England to replace James II

Mary II

James II's daughter who was married to William of Orange, protestant.

Glorious Revolution

bloodless revolution where James II was removed from power and William of Orange was installed as King of England.

Timar

a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

Mehmed II

Ottoman Sultan who welcomed Jews expelled from Spain

Akbar the Great

Mughal leader who tolerated religion

Harem

residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived

Roxelna

Ottoman woman who exerted extraordinary amount of influence.

Barbary Pirates

sailors who targets merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

Impressed

forced into service as slaves to row galleys.

Qing Dynasty

last Chinese dynasty that reigned from 1644 to 1912

Manchu

ethinic group from Manchuria (north of China) ruled in the Qing Dynasty

Queues

braided pigtail style of hair associated with Manchu men.

Li Chengdong

leader who helped suppressed Han resistance to Qing rule.

Liu Liangzue

leader who helped suppressed Han resistance to Qing rule

Nobility

group that served underneath the royalty of Europe and were often wealthy landowners

Louis XIV

French monarch who worked to centralize the power of France under his control

Sephardic Jews

Jewish people who can trace their ancestry from Spain

Ashkenazi Jews

Jewish people who can trace their ancestry from eastern and central Europe.

Boyars

nobles in Russia

Serfs

peasants who worked plots of land for boyars in exchange for protection.

Ivan IV

Russian monarch who centralized Russia

Peninsulares

People born in Spain, at the top of the Spanish American social hierarchy.

Criollos

People of European decent born in America, at the second to the tops of the Spanish American social hierarchy

Mestizos

People of European and indigenous decent born in America, 3rd to the top of the Spanish American social hierarchy

Mulattoes

People of African and European ancestry

Zambos

people of African and indigenous ancestry

Fronde

civil disturbances in Frances between 1648 and 1653 that attempted to curb the royal power

Mirs

Village communes that controlled even the small landholders among the peasants. in russia

Castas

people of mixed-race ancestry.

indentured servitude

when servants agreed to work for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas

Chattel slavery

forced labor where people are considered property

Asante Empire

West African empire that traded with Europeans

Kingdom of the Kongo

Southern West African empire that traded with portugal

Ming Dynasty

Ruled China from 1368-1644, restricted foreign trade

Aztec Empire

indigenous empire in what is now much of Mexico

Inca Empire

Indigenous empire in western South America

New Spain

Spanish colony where the Aztecs once ruled, established in 1521

Mexico City

Spanish city built on the ruins of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire

Atahualpa

Ruler of the Inca Empire, killed by pizarro in 1533

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement that divided the Americas between Portugal and Spain

Hispaniola

Island in the caribbean where Christopher Columbus first arrived (Haiti and the Dominican Republic are today).

Encomienda

system where indigenous people were forced to work in exchange for food and shelter (like serfdom in Europe)- often worked mining gold and silver

Encomenderos

rich landowner in the encomienda system

Coercive Labor Systems

system of forced work

hacienda system

large plantations where indigenous people farmed for Spanish landowners, often by force

Silver

metal mined for profit in Mexico and South America (where bolivia is today)

mit'a system

incan system of labor obligation (young men required to devote some labor to public projects)

mercantilism

economic system used by European countries- gain colonies and resources, force your colonies to buy things for you

Colonies

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

Middle passage

enslaved Africans' journey across the Atlantic to the Americas

Capital

material wealth available to produce more wealth

Commercial Revolution

the transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

Price Revolution

The increased supply of silver and gold discovered in the Americas and entered the global trade system led to inflation through the economies of the world.

Joint-Stock Companies

owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

limited liability

the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment

East India Company

this joint-stock company was an example of developing European middles

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company in the Netherlands

Triangular trade

complex Atlantic trading system that link Africa, America and Europe

Monopoly

granted certain merchants usually through a joint-stock company- or the government itself the exclusive right to trade

Syncretism

the combining of different religious beliefs and practices

Polygyny

taking more than one wife

Creoles

American-born Europeans

Santeria

Literally translated to "the way of the saints". Originally an African faith, it became popular in Cuba then travelled throughout Latin and North America

Vodun

syncretic faith in Saint Domingue

Candomble

syncretic faith in Brazil

Virgin of Guadalupe

syncretic symbol among indigenous America Christians

Viceroys

Spanish royalty appointed to act as administrators and representative of the Spanish crown in the Americas

Audiencias

royal courts in America that allowed settlers to appeal to the Viceroy

Dahomey

African society which conducted slave raids and became richer from selling their captives to Europeans. They used firearms to subjugate weaker nations.

Oyo

African society which conducted slave raids and became richer from selling their captives to Europeans. The most influence state in the period 1450-1750 CE.

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Cartography

mapmaking

Primogeniture Laws

laws that gave all of a persons land to his eldest son

Omani-European Rivalry

Competition between the Portuguese and the kingdom of Oman, both early maritime empires

Maritime Empires

empires based on sea travel

Astronomical Chart

map of the stars and galaxies

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer responsible for European contact with the Americas (he was sent by the King and Queen of Spain, and he was hoping to reach India)

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese king, first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions