HIST 339

What happened in 1241?

The Monguls defeated different Eastern Powers. However, the Monguls retreated shortly after.

What did Russia miss because and why?

They missed the Renaissance because they were under Mongul rule

Roman expansion into the East brings them into contact with

The Dacia (Modern day Romania)

Amber road

A trade route with the Mediterranean that connected the baltic and E. Europe

Amber:

Petrified pine sap and it created trade route. (Jurassic Park)

Why was Amber valued in Rome and Greece?

It was pretty and used for jewelry and Electrostatic uses such as healing.

Northern European Plain:

A flatland that connects Asia with E. Europe and allows for easy travel, migration, invasion, etc.

Slavs:

5/7th century from W. Russia

Bulgars:

Nomadic horse riders from Asia

Scandinavian Vikings:

They Captured Slavs and traded with Byzantine. (Rus Vikings)

Rurik:

This viking man established Rus state Novgorod but they moved south to Kiev.

Hungarians (Magyars):

They split the slavic groups and establish independent Nations and brought Turkish Language.

Hungarians:

They were feared by other European states and were called “huns” and they moved into carpathian Base.

What happened with the Hungarians in 1001?

The Hungarian kingdom is established because they are recognized by the pope and the kingdom adopts Christianity. (King Saint Stephen.)

862 Saint Cyril/Methodius:

They were sent by the Byzantine Empire to preach Christianity

Who invited saint Cyril and Methodius?

Greater Moravia and they ask Byzantine empire.

Why did Greater Moravia ask for christianity?

For access to trade and to cut ties with western Catholicism

New alphabet?

Cyrillic was invented for slavs for bibles. (Religion plays hand and hand with politics)

The clergy are establishing institutions:

Religion enmeshed with politics can be dangerous. (Churches bring administrations and political organization.)

Byzantine bordered regions up to 1453:

Until Ottomans sacked Constantinople in 1453

Orthodox Christianity is spreading its power while

The Roman Catholic missionaries competed for influence

stating ones religion is equivalent to stating your

political stance.

The Bulgarian empire (681):

Embraced Eastern orthodoxy

Great Moravia was:

833, Roman Catholic until Rastilav.

Kingdom of Poland:

Adopted Catholicism in 966

Kievan Rus became

Orthodox Christianity 988

Hungary:

King Stephen adopted Catholicism 1001

Islam religion:

Comes from Ottomans and the Ottomans are the ones who push back Byzantine Empire (Ottomans lasted 500 years)

Jews came to E. Europe because

They were persecuted because of the crusades and the go to Poland for protection.

Germanic arrivals in 1000-1300:

brought traders, craftsman, farmers and knights

Drang nach Osten:

was the name for a 19th-century German nationalist intent to expand Germany into Slavic territories of Central and Eastern Europe

The Hanse (hanseatic league)

They dominated baltic trade

Crusading knights battled the last pagans in Europe:

The Baltic crusades were menat to convert baltic tribes

What made Prussians disappear?

German domination and dissimilation

Teutonic Knights:

religious fanatics who wanted to convert by the sword (Legendary!)

The struggle with the teutonic knights united:

Lithuanias into Grand Duchy of Lithuania

This teutonic knight era becomes stuff of legends and

defines E.E. and is fundamental

tannenburg:

This battle was a german victory and was named this because of revenge for a past battle (Past battles influence later ones)

Lithuanian Grand duke Jagiellos marriage to princess Polish heress:

Combines two catholic powers to create 1 christian realm

Jagiellos and vytautas Led battle of

A new tannenburg, 1410 and they beat the knights

Union of Lublin:

New super state created by polish+Lithuanian 1569

Union of Lublin/P-L:

Dominates until its decline in the early 1700s

Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth:

Has a divided legacy, Pols view it as golden age and Lithuanians feels their contribution is overlooked

Battle of Kosovo:

serbs under prince lazar are beaten by ottomans 1389

The serbs defeat against the turks (Ottomans):

Becomes a powerful myth in E.E.

Vlad Tepes: Dracula

Romanian who is a frontier fighter who sometimes allys with turks

Hungary expereince the:

Renaissance under Matthias corvinus 1450-90

Hungary fall when:

To the turks (Ottomans) at he battle of mohacs (1526)

Ottomans didn’t force conversion of christians and jews but:

They placed a special tax on them to acquire their children and they were trained as warriors

Only significant conversions to Islam were:

In Bosnia and Albania

Kingdom of Bohemia:

Flourished under king charles IV 1346 and built up capital of prague

Jan Hus:

Was burned as a heretic in 1415, and
Bohemia has civil war after

Thirty years war 1618-48:

Sparked by a second Prague defenestration (Thrown out of window)

Battle of White mountain: Bohemians=czech

Czech defeat becomes central to Czech identity, Bohemians were disposed of their lands

Cossacks:

Free men and women in wild frontier regions between Poland-Lithuania and Russian lands

The Cossacks esablished communites north of Black sea:

they are later idealized in Ukrainian literature

Bogdan Khmelnistky:

Led the anti-semitic revolt against the polish rule 1648 (Russis/P-L divide the conquered land)

Cossacks future portrayed:

They later become feared tsarist enforces for Russia as it expands!

Siege of Vienna 1683:

Last big attempt by Ottomans to capture Vienna and Ottomans sieged it for 2 months

Viennas:

Habsburg dynastic seat (House of austria)

King Jan III sobeiskie:

Led united christian relief forces and pushed turks out of Hungary and Transylvania

Habsburg power now shifted toward the East:

Austria is looking East!

Polish identity as Bulwark of Christendom:

Nationalist ideology that justified protection of the west and religious fervor for expansion

Habsburg Empire: After seige, Habsburg forces advance toward balkans

Austria doubled in size by 1700

Empress Marita Theresa (1740-80):

Her major policy was to send German Colonizers to farm and establish Germanic communities

Prussia evolution:

Crusader state, vassal duchy within poland, to kingdom in 1701 (decedents of teutonic knights)

Prussia:

highly militarized society with junker aristocracy, this is esentially an army with land

What did modern Germany begin as?

As an extension of Prussia power 1871

Mongol Yoke over Russia 1237-1480:

Russia was largely cut off from Europe yet grew powerful as a vassal of the Mongols

Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan III:

He ended Mongol rule and called himself Tsar, he married a niece of the last Byzantine emperor

Ivan and other Tsars called themselves the title:

Lord of all Rus’ (Russians)

Tsar Peter I:

He incorporated the Baltics to Russia

After defeating the swedes, Peter:

Declared Russia an empire in 1721

Within E.Europe power shifts to the west and the pols try to earn more through wheat:

E. Europe makes feudalism more brutal on Peasants

In a commonwealth:

Nobles elect a king (P-L Commonwealth)

Polish Parliament:

Family lineage and not money determines nobles

The First partition of Poland occurs in 1772:

Polish nobles unite to resist growing Russian influence

Who invaded Poland in the first partition in 1772?

Russia, Prussia, and Austria (To “stabilize” the country)

The 3 powers forced Poland to agree to the annexation:

The Polish Noble Tadeusz Rejtan protested

Sejm:

Polish parliament

Regardless of Rejatan urging Poland not to concede:

The sejm approved the partition in 1773 (P-L lost 1/3 of its land)

What caused this Partition?

Background information——>

P-L were always fighting various nations and particularly their neighbors:

Russia, Sweden Ottomans

The Great Northern War Plague (1708-1712):

Wiped out a quater of P-L’s population making them weak and vulnerable

P-L portrayed great power with their capital Warsaw since 1596:

This power was an illusion and foreign kings ruled

P-L valued its wide noble participation in politcs and the Sejm, However,

Liberum Veto invited corruption, foreign influence, stagnation

Liberum Veto:

A single person in parliament could say no and gave outside power to a single polish. This allowed bribery, corruption, standstill for legislation!

Russian aspirations, Catherine the Great (1762-96)

Looked to expand the russian empire

Catherine put her lover on the P-L Throne (1764-95):

Stanislaw August Poniatowski

Prussian ambitions:

King Fredrick the Great sought territory (1740-86) He saw poland as an artichoke to be peeled

Austrian Ambitions:

Maria Theresa (1740-80) She worried about appearances but supported the Partition

Confederation of Bar (1768-72)

Polish Nobles uniting but Poniatoswki couldn’t stop the invasion

Polish patriots respond in different ways to the partition:

Some went into exile abroad or stayed in hopes of reforming Poland

These Pols fought in the American war for Independence:

Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Casimir Pulaski

The Great Sejm enact progressive reforms:

They create an education Committee and Constitution of 1791

These Progressive Reforms were too much for the surrounding empires:

This would spark the 2nd/3rd Partition

During the 2nd Partition:

Russia and Prussia seize more territory!

The Great Sejm approves under force:

Kosciuszko, American independence Pol comes back and starts a rebellion that is crushed

During the rebellion there is a Jewish regiment formed in Warsw

The rebellion is crushed by the Russians in 1794

The 3rd partition is carries out by: 1795

Russia, Prussia, Austria 1795