PSY Ch 10 Review (3)

Actor-Observer Bias

Phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors as due to internal factors and our own behaviors as due to situational forces.

Ageism

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age.

Aggression

Seeking to cause harm or pain to another person.

Altruism

Humans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping.

Asch Effect

Group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate.

Attitude

Evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

Attribution

Explanation for the behavior of other people.

Bullying

A person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time.

Bystander Effect

Situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress.

Central Route Persuasion

Logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs.

Collectivist Culture

Culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community.

Companionate Love

Type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion.

Confederate

Person who works for a researcher and acts as a participant in an experiment.

Confirmation Bias

Seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring contradicting information.

Conformity

When individuals change their behavior to go along with the group.

Consummate Love

Type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present.

Cyberbullying

Repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological harm to another person online.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency for no one in a group to help because responsibility is spread throughout the group.

Discrimination

Negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group.

Dispositionism

Perspective asserting that our behavior is determined by internal factors such as personality traits.

Empathy

Capacity to understand another person’s perspective and feelings.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Persuasion technique encouraging agreement to a small favor followed by a larger favor.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior.

Group Polarization

Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group.

Groupthink

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Homophily

Tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar.

Homophobia

Prejudice and discrimination against individuals based on their sexual orientation.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain.

In-Group

Group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.

In-Group Bias

Preference for our own group over other groups.

Individualistic Culture

Culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy.

Informational Social Influence

Conformity prompted by the belief that the group is correct.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression motivated by achieving a goal without intent to cause pain.

Internal Factor

Internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits.

Just-World Hypothesis

Belief that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Justification of Effort

Theory that people value goals more when they have put more effort into them.

Normative Social Influence

Conformity to fit in and be accepted by the group.

Obedience

Change of behavior to please an authority figure.

Out-Group

Group that we don’t belong to and view as fundamentally different.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Indirect route relying on peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message.

Persuasion

Process of changing our attitude toward something through communication.

Prejudice

Negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based on their group membership.

Prosocial Behavior

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help others.

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based solely on an individual's race.

Reciprocity

Give and take in relationships.

Romantic Love

Type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment.

Scapegoating

Blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration.

Script

Person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.

Self-Disclosure

Sharing personal information in relationships.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Treating stereotyped group members according to biased expectations.

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to take credit for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on external factors.

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex.

Situationism

Perspective that behavior is determined by the immediate environment.

Social Exchange Theory

Theory that humans act as naïve economists to maximize benefits in relationships.

Social Loafing

Reduced effort by individuals in a group compared to working alone.

Social Norm

Group’s expectations of appropriate behavior.

Social Psychology

Field examining how people impact or affect each other.

Social Role

Socially defined pattern of behavior expected of a person in a specific setting.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Experiment demonstrating the power of social roles and norms.

Stereotype

Generalized beliefs about a group that ignore individual characteristics.

Triangular Theory of Love

Model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What is social psychology?

The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.

What is social influence?

Ways people are affected by the presence of others.

What is the difference between situationism and dispositionism?

Situationism focuses on environmental factors, while dispositionism focuses on internal traits.

What is conformity?

Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with group standards.

What did Solomon Asch find in his study?

People often conform to incorrect group opinions to avoid being different.

What is obedience?

Following orders from an authority figure.

What are the factors that increase obedience?

Legitimate authority, proximity to authority, and lack of personal responsibility.

What did Zimbardo demonstrate in his study?

Social roles and situational factors can strongly influence behavior.

What are norms?

Accepted standards of behavior within a group.

What is prosocial behavior?

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.

What is Latane & Darley’s Decision Model for Helping?

Five steps for helping: noticing, interpreting, assuming responsibility, knowing how to help, and deciding to help.

What is deindividuation?

Loss of self-awareness in groups leading to behavior against personal values.

What causes prejudice?

Socialization, in-group dynamics, and scapegoating.

What is a stereotype?

Generalized belief about a group.

How do we think about in-group/out-group?

Categorizing people into 'us' versus 'them' to create biases.

What is the elaboration likelihood model?

Proposes central and peripheral routes for persuasion.