COUN 655 Exam Models

Cross’ Nigrescence Model

• pre-encounter

• encounter

• immersion-emersion

• internalization

• internalization-commitment

Helm’s POC Identity Model

• conformity

• dissonance

• immersion-emersion

• internalization

• integrative awareness

Ponterotto’s Model of Cultural Identity Development (for White counselors)

• pre-exposure

• exposure

• zealot-defensive

• integration

Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity

• unexamined/diffused ethnic identity

• moratorium

• acceptance

Poston’s Biracial Identity Development Model

• personal identity

• choice group categorization

• enmeshment/denial

• appreciation

• integration

Kerwin and Ponterotto’s Multiracial Identity Development Model

• preschool —> birth-5; recognize similarities and differences in skin color and hair texture

• entry to school —> may be forced to classify themselves

• preadolescence —> youth increasingly aware of group membership and the social meanings ascribed to physical characteristics

• adolescence —> developmental and societal factors pressure youth to choose a specific cultural group identity

• college/young adulthood —> continuing to embrace single culture identity while expanding sense of self

• adulthood —> further exploration of culture; increased flexibility in interpersonal relations and understanding of self

The Key Model of White Male Development

• noncontact type

• claustrophobic type

• conscious type

• empirical type

• optimal type

Cass’s Homosexual Identity Formation Model

• conscious awareness

• identity comparison

• identity tolerance

• identity acceptance

• identity pride

• identity synthesis

Colman’s Coming Out Model

• pre-coming out

• coming out

• exploration

• first relationships

• integration

Troiden’s Model of Sexual Identity

• sensitization

• identity confusion

• identity assumption

• commitment

Inclusive Model of Lesbian/Gay Identity Development (individual and at group level)

• awareness

• exploration

• deepening commitment

• internalization and synthesis

Transgender Emergence Model

• awareness

• seeking information/reaching out

• disclosure to significant others

• exploration —> identity and self-labeling

• exploration —> options for transition

• integration-acceptance and posttransition issues

Fowler’s Model of Spiritual Identity

• intuitive (projective faith)

• mythical (literal faith)

• synthetic (conventional faith)

• individuative (reflective faith)

• conjunctive faith

• universalizing faith

Spero’s Development of Religious Transformations

• symbiosis

• differentiation

• practicing

• rapprochement

Genia’s Development of Growth

• egocentric faith

• dogmatic

• transitional faith

• reconstruction internalized faith

• transcendent faith

Park’s Model of Spiritual Identity

• adolescent/conventional —> openness to multiple perspectives

• young adult —> probing commitment and critical choosing

• tested adult —> “testing” of spiritual choices

• mature adult —> interdependence and interconnectedness

Poll and Smith’s Model of Spiritual Identity

• pre-awareness

• awakening

• recognition

• integration

Three-Tier Model of Social Advocacy

• self-awareness

• client services

• community collaboration

Biomedical model

• disability/illness occurs as the result of a physical or mental condition

  • focuses on medical procedures, surgeries, diagnostic tests, therapies, and assistive or adaptive devices

Social model

• focuses on societal barrier and biases against people with disabilities, rather than on the person, the disability, or medical condition itself

• the limitations experienced by people with disabilities are what defines the disability

• includes attributes that are outside the individual (i.e., socially or culturally based)

Classic model

• pathology —> impairment —> functional limitations —> disability

• variation of the social model