AMSCO Prologue

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

city-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing system

monumental architecture

Large structures, such as pyramids, temples, public spaces, and large statues, that generally appear wherever powerful leaders emerge.

First civilization: africa (200,000-250,000 years ago)

Homio sapiens begin to inhabitat grasslands of AfricaLiving in kinship groups. Hunting and gathering (stone blade and points). evidence of social and symbolic behavior.

how many years ago did men travel into asia?

100,000 years ago

how many years ago did men travel into Europe?

40,000 years ago

Eurasian technology during Part 1

spears, bows, needles, weaving baskets, and pottery

When does the start of the prologue start?

1200 BCE

where did the original farmers come from?

southeast Asia or more specifically mesopotamia

how many years ago did men travel into Australia?

50,000 years ago

what were some of the characteristics of agriculture?

-permanent settlements, rising temperature, population growth, new technology, knowledge of food production, specialization

how many years ago did men travel into the Americas?

10,000 years ago

how many years ago did men travel into the pacific?

3,500 years ago

Australian societies

-more complex understanding of the world known as dream time. networks of migration. egalitarian societies. patriarchy.

American societies

-clovis point technology; allowed hunting of larger animals.

pacific societies

-ocean going canoes and open water navigation. intention of colonization. highly stratified.

The first civilizations

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus river valley, China, non-river valley civilizations of Americas

what are the similarities of all the first societies?

they live near water

River valley societies

Nile river valley (north africa), Yellow river valley (east asia), Indus river valley (south asia), mesoamerica, andes mountains

civilization

a society that has a city

hierarchy

A group organized by rank

written language of mesopotamia

Cuneiform

famous literature about life

-Epic of Gilgamesh (mesopotamia), book of the dead (egypt), Rig veda (indus river valley)

what religion emerged from indus river valley?

hinduism

hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

what religion did the persians give us?

zoroastrianism

what religion did hebrews give us?

judaism

how did kings consolidate their power?

claim divinity

What did pastoralists do?

travel from one civilization to another spreading different cultures and ideas as they went

what becomes the fundamental principle for indian society?

hinduism (especially its teaching on caste)

Hindu Caste System

hierarchal strutcure where a person can move up a caste in their next life if they did good in their current one

what religion did hinduism lead to?

buddhism

what's the difference of hinduism and buddhism?

hinduism has a caste system and multiple gods

silk road

a series of ancient trade networks connecting china, europe, and the middle east

universalizing religions

religions that appeal to people.

mandate of heaven

the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods.

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

civil service exam

an examination conducted in India, used to appoint careers.

diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

entrepot

commercial center where goods are received and reshipped

main teaching of buddhism?

life is suffering- reason we suffer is because of desire- stop suffering by killing desire

The eightfold path

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

what arose from judaisim

christianity

what did jesus preach?

salvation is not by means of behavior but by believing in his own saving of death and resurrection for the forgiveness of sins

what were the 2 seperations of christianity?

roman catholics and orthodox christians

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

why did confucianism become so important for china?

provided a predictable way of ordering society based on a hierarchal structure

what unified china after the warring states period?

confucianism

what is a continuity during chinese history

confucianism

what was one of the consequences of frequent war between different empires?

exchange of technology

Achaemenid empire (550-330 BCE) Persian empires

emperor used people called satraps to govern affairs of different districts and produced a highway system to move armies(overextended/taken by alexander the great

two persian empires

achaemenid empire and Parthian empire

chinese empires

qin and han dynasties

who established the philosophy of legalism

Qin shi Huangdi

Han dynasty

-diplomatic patterns with Roman empire. more advanced technology. began construction of the great wall. unified government through common culture. canals linking north and south.

mediteranean empires

-Phoenician city states, the greeks, the romans

how did the phoenician city states establish colonies?

democracy and trade

who gave us the alphabet and taught us to read from left to right?

phoenicians

who gave ideas of citizenship and democracy?

Greeks

Romans

-encouraged spread of people throughout empire to solidify roman culture

did the east side or west side of rome last longer?

eastern (Constantinople)

mesoamerican civilizations

-mayans

All important cities contained...

art, trade, religion, government

social structure for summary

political-merchants-warriors-crafts-labor-slaves

why did all of the empires fall?

overextension, internal disruptions, outside invaders

Gupta empire

Golden age of india; physicians, mathematicians, numbering system, hindu, diverse, tolerant, and patriarchal.

what shaped the sides of islam after muhammad died?

sunni-elect from all people. shia- blood inheritance

dar al islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Sui dynasty:

grand canal- connects china

tang dynasty:

expansion and growth (middle kingdom)

song dynasty:

meritocracy, productive capacity, neo-confucianism (government based on education)

japan:

shoguns vs emperors

africa

-small chiefdoms united by bantu influence, farming and iron, Islam

europe

-devolution of roman lands. feudalism and manorialism. orthodox church/roman catholic church. crusades.

americas

-mayans golden age ends, trade hubs, environmental destruction

meritocracy

government or the holding of power by people selected based on ability or intelligence

environment of china

yellow river and ghobe desert

south and south east asia environment

monsoon winds, himalayas, indus river valley

africa environment

sahara desert

europe environment

mountains

western hemipshere environment

appalachian mountains, andes mountains, mississippi river.

who controlled the Indian ocean trade routes?

south and southeast asia

Zoroastrianism

struggle between good and evil