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One
“Meth-”
Two
“Eth-”
Three
“Prop-”
Four
“But-”
Five
“Pent-”
Six
“Hex-”is the prefix for six carbon atoms in organic compounds.
Seven
“Hept-”
Eight
“Oct-”
Nine
“Non-”
Ten
“Dec-”
F. Group: Halogeno
Class: Halogenoalkanes, containing group 17 atoms attached to an R group.
F. Group: Hydroxyl
Class: Alcohols, containing an -OH group attached to an R group.
F. Group: Carbonyl
Class: Aldehydes and ketones, featuring an R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
Aldehydes
Aldehydes: R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom + hydrogen atom.
Ketones
Ketones: R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom + an R’ group.
F. Group: Carboxyl
Class: Carboxylic acids, featuring an R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.
F. Group: Alkoxy
Class: Ethers, characterized by an R group bonded to an oxygen atom, which is also bonded to another R' group.
F. Group: Amino
Class: Primary Amines, containing an R group bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
F. Group: Amido
Class: Amides, containing an R group bonded to a carbonyl group (C=O) and a nitrogen atom with two hydrogen atoms.
F. Group: Ester
Class: Esters, characterized by an R group bonded to a carbonyl group (C=O) and an oxygen atom that is also bonded to another R' group.
F. Group: Phenyl
Class: Aromatics, consists of a benzene ring (C6H5) attached to an R group.
Catenation
The process by which many identical atoms are joined together by covalent bonds (straight-chain, branched, or cyclis structures).
Functional Group
An atom/group of atoms that gives organic compounds their physical and chemical characteristics.
Homologous Series
A family of compounds that can be grouped together based on similarities in their structure and reactivity (same general formula).
Structural Formulas
Full/Displayed, Condensed, or Skeletal/Line.
Saturated Compounds
All Carbon-Carbon bonds are single.
Unsaturated Compounds
One or more double or triple Carbon-Carbon bonds.
Alkyl Group
Carbon-containing groups with no other functionalities.
Aliphatic
The molecules contain no aromatic rings (Alkanes and Alkenes).
Alkanes
CnH2n+2, saturated, “-anes,” single bonds
Alkenes
CnH2n, unsaturated, “-enes,” double bonds
Alkynes
CnH2n-2, unsaturated, “-ynes,” triple bonds
Halogenalkenes
CnH2n+1X, an Alkene but one H is a Halogen (X).
As molar mass increases/As Carbon chain length increases…
boiling point, melting points, strength of LDFs, density, and velocity increases.
Fractional Distillation
Physical separation process where crude oil is vaporized and then passed through a column to separate members of the homologous series.
Substituent
Any part of an organic compound that is not part of the longest carbon chain.
Branched-Chain Alkane
An Alkane with Alkyls substituents.
Structural/Constitutional Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of the atoms.
Chain Isomers
Different lengths of carbon chains.
Positional Isomers
The position of the functional group changes.
Primary
Carbon atom is bonded to one other Carbon atom.
Secondary
Carbon atom is bonded to two other Carbon atoms.
Tertiary
Carbon atom is bonded to three other Carbon atoms.
Functional Group Isomers
Atoms arranged differently such that they have different functional groups.
Terminal Position
In Aldehydes, when the Carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end of the carbon chain.
Alkane suffix
“-ane”
Alkene suffix
“-ene”
Alcohol suffix
“-anol”
Ketone suffix
“-one”
Aldehyde suffix
“-al”
When naming hydrocarbons with group 17 atoms, are the elements listed in alphabetical order? True or False?
True
When choosing the locant number lineup for hydrocarbons with group 17 atoms, the most electronegative element will have the least locant number. True or False?
True
Carboxyl groups suffix
“-oic acid”
True or False: When naming hydrocarbons with a Carboxyl group, you do not need to assign locants to the Carboxyl group because they are always in the terminal position.
True
Alkoxy suffix
“-oxy”
Ester suffix
“-oate”
