IB SL Chemistry- Structure 3.2

One

“Meth-”

Two

“Eth-”

Three

“Prop-”

Four

“But-”

Five

“Pent-”

Six

“Hex-”is the prefix for six carbon atoms in organic compounds.

Seven

“Hept-”

Eight

“Oct-”

Nine

“Non-”

Ten

“Dec-”

F. Group: Halogeno

Class: Halogenoalkanes, containing group 17 atoms attached to an R group.

F. Group: Hydroxyl

Class: Alcohols, containing an -OH group attached to an R group.

F. Group: Carbonyl

Class: Aldehydes and ketones, featuring an R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes: R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom + hydrogen atom.

Ketones

Ketones: R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom + an R’ group.

F. Group: Carboxyl

Class: Carboxylic acids, featuring an R group double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

F. Group: Alkoxy

Class: Ethers, characterized by an R group bonded to an oxygen atom, which is also bonded to another R' group.

F. Group: Amino

Class: Primary Amines, containing an R group bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

F. Group: Amido

Class: Amides, containing an R group bonded to a carbonyl group (C=O) and a nitrogen atom with two hydrogen atoms.

F. Group: Ester

Class: Esters, characterized by an R group bonded to a carbonyl group (C=O) and an oxygen atom that is also bonded to another R' group.

F. Group: Phenyl

Class: Aromatics, consists of a benzene ring (C6H5) attached to an R group.

Catenation

The process by which many identical atoms are joined together by covalent bonds (straight-chain, branched, or cyclis structures).

Functional Group

An atom/group of atoms that gives organic compounds their physical and chemical characteristics.

Homologous Series

A family of compounds that can be grouped together based on similarities in their structure and reactivity (same general formula).

Structural Formulas

Full/Displayed, Condensed, or Skeletal/Line.

Saturated Compounds

All Carbon-Carbon bonds are single.

Unsaturated Compounds

One or more double or triple Carbon-Carbon bonds.

Alkyl Group

Carbon-containing groups with no other functionalities.

Aliphatic

The molecules contain no aromatic rings (Alkanes and Alkenes).

Alkanes

C_nH_2n+2, saturated, “-anes,” single bonds

Alkenes

C_nH_2n, unsaturated, “-enes,” double bonds

Alkynes

C_nH_2n-2, unsaturated, “-ynes,” triple bonds

Halogenalkenes

C_nH_2n+1X, an Alkene but one H is a Halogen (X).

As molar mass increases/As Carbon chain length increases…

boiling point, melting points, strength of LDFs, density, and velocity increases.

Fractional Distillation

Physical separation process where crude oil is vaporized and then passed through a column to separate members of the homologous series.

Substituent

Any part of an organic compound that is not part of the longest carbon chain.

Branched-Chain Alkane

An Alkane with Alkyls substituents.

Structural/Constitutional Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of the atoms.

Chain Isomers

Different lengths of carbon chains.

Positional Isomers

The position of the functional group changes.

Primary

Carbon atom is bonded to one other Carbon atom.

Secondary

Carbon atom is bonded to two other Carbon atoms.

Tertiary

Carbon atom is bonded to three other Carbon atoms.

Functional Group Isomers

Atoms arranged differently such that they have different functional groups.

Terminal Position

In Aldehydes, when the Carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end of the carbon chain.

Alkane suffix

“-ane”

Alkene suffix

“-ene”

Alcohol suffix

“-anol”

Ketone suffix

“-one”

Aldehyde suffix

“-al”

When naming hydrocarbons with group 17 atoms, are the elements listed in alphabetical order? True or False?

True

When choosing the locant number lineup for hydrocarbons with group 17 atoms, the most electronegative element will have the least locant number. True or False?

True

Carboxyl groups suffix

“-oic acid”

True or False: When naming hydrocarbons with a Carboxyl group, you do not need to assign locants to the Carboxyl group because they are always in the terminal position.

True

Alkoxy suffix

“-oxy”

Ester suffix

“-oate”