PSY 216 Exam 1 - Freud, Erikson, and Jung

Freud’s view of the person

mind as an energy system

• flow of psychic energy drives behavior

energy provided by instincts

• libido/eros (life instinct, can’t explain violence)

• thanatos (death instinct)

some behaviors can be influenced by both (boxing)

structure of personality

id → basic drives, pleasure principle

ego → mediates id, reality principle

superego → internalizes societal values, morality principle

summary → freud

is personality nature or nurture → both

is personality determined or do we have free will → determined

is personality stable or does it change → change, but only after significant therapy

Erickson differed from freud how

felt personality continues to develop across lifespan (sense of identity strong influence)

placed greater emphasis on the ego than the id

recognized the importance of culture

ego psychology

ego creates sense of identity

3 integrated aspects

• body ego → seeing our physical self as different from others (how we view ourselves physically)

• ego ideal → our self compared to our ideal self

• ego identity → image of ourself in a variety of social roles (how do we fit into society)

social influence → ego emerges from and is largely shaped by culture

stages of psychosocial development

follows epigenetic principle → a new part does not replace an old one

every stage has interaction of opposites (syntonic and dystonic)

conflict produces ego strength

too little strength results in core psychopathology at a later stage

social factors key, but stages biological in nature

summary → erikson

is personality due to nature or nurture → mostly nurture

is personality determined or do we have free will → mostly free will

is personality stable or does it change → change

analytical psychology

occult phenomena (inherited images and experiences) influence behavior

the aim is self realization

Jung disagreed with freud on

role of sexuality (did not agree that there is always a sexual connection)

forces that influence personality (more future oriented)

the unconscious (did agree on a personal, but also thought there is a collective)

psychic energy → Jung

libido → broad and generalized form of psychic energy; fuel for personality (psyche)

principles

• opposites → opposing processes are necessary to generate psychic energy

• equivalence → if energy is expended, it’s transferred elsewhere (limited amount, so it needs to be as balanced as possible)

• entropy → tendency toward balance or equilibrium

ego is center of consciousness

• personal unconscious → reservoir of personal information and memories, forgotten or suppressed

• collective unconscious → store of human concepts shared by all people across cultures (i.e. archetypes)

archetypes

ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings

criteria

• universality → found in many parts of the world

• phylogenic continuity → similar meaning wherever and whenever found

• evolutionary stability → has a natural origin and is not a product of learning from others

impacted by biological, cultural, and physical factors, as well as psychological constructs

parts of the archetype → persona

a compromise between the individual and society as to what a man should appear to be (a mask to fit in)

inflation of the persona is when the ego identifies with the persona, rather than the person’ true nature

parts of the archetype → anima and animus

anima → unconscious feminine side of a man

• femininity ruled by principle of eros (love)

animus → unconscious masculine side of a woman

• masculinity ruled by principle of logos (logic)

together referred to as syzygy

parts of the archetype → shadow

the dark side of one’s unconscious, as well as the most basic and primitive instincts

also a source of strength and imagination

if suppressed, the shadow may revolt and take control of a person’s psyche

confront the shadow to grow

parts of the archetype → integration

the self represents integration of conscious and unconscious elements

once one has achieved integration, one can go on to gain self realization

psychic inflation and mana

psychic inflation → produces feelings of exhilaration and confidence when assimilation archetypes into the psyche and identifying with them

mana → an inflated ego identifies with an archetypal image of a supernatural force

negative inflation → when one’s consciousness becomes merged with a negative archetype

psychological attitudes

predispositions to behave in a certain way

• extraversion → turning psychic energy outwards (stimulation seeking)

• introversion → turning psychic energy inwards (internal stimuli)

psychological functions

ways people perceive and engage with the world

judging/rational → thinking vs feeling (how we make decisions, logic or feeling)

• like structure, organization, etc

perceiving/non-rational → intuition vs sensation (to rely on perceived patterns or concrete connections)

• see the world in concrete absolutes or more abstract, daydreams, etc.

complexes

patterns of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes

organized around a common theme

is a burden on life

may be conscious or unconscious

environmental cause

ex: god complex, inferiority complex

psychotherapy → Jung

word association test → uncovers complexes

active imagination → allows archetypal images to emerge from the patients unconscious

dream analysis

recorded and analyzed dreams to determine meaning and relevancy, thought one could integrate unconscious contents with conscious

worked with a series of dreams overtime, and understood it is not a simple matter, but rather a skill acquired over time

amplification → having a patient focus on the original dream element and to make repeated association until a theme is detected

had to be well versed in archetypes

no universal symbols

differences jung/freud

jung

• creative expression of unconscious

• explore quality of symbol

• spontaneous vs undisguised

• collective unconscious

freud

• disturbed mental activity

• fit into formula

• existence of censorship

• person’s unconscious

summary → jung

is personality nature or nurture → both

is personality determined or do we have free will → moderate stance

is personality stable, or can it change → change