Population & Community Exam 1

Health planning model steps: planning

determine intervention levels and plan accordingly, validate practicality of interventions

Race, not racism, is now seen as a determinant of health

false

Endemic

diseases that are always present in a population (colds, pneumonia, etc.)

Epidemic

diseases that are not always present in a population, but flare-up on occasion (diphtheria, measles, etc.)

During the nineteenth century, public health efforts focused on BLANK to manage and prevent disease

establishment of clean water, sewers, fireplugs, and sidewalks

The nursing process can be applied to the community as a client (T/F)

true

Reliable sources of data include

census data, vital statistics, CDC, WHO

Emphasis on social, economic, and environmental precursors of illness: macro or microscopic community health approach?

macroscopic

Modification of social or environmental variables: macro or microscopic community health approach?

macroscopic

Which of the following is the cause of most preventable deaths in the United States?

tobacco/smoking

Health Planning Model Steps: Evaluation

identify strengths and weaknesses, ensure sustainability, communicate follow-up recommendations

Which is the best way to assess if learning has occurred?

there is a long-term change in knowledge and behavior

WHAT is a determinant of health and can cause health inequities, disparities, and disease

racism

What are examples of community?

neighborhood, university, online gaming platform, church, mosque, or synagogue

The major goal of the community health nurse is to provide:

health promotion and disease prevention

What is NOT a core public health function out of these 4 options? Assessment, policy, development, assurance, advocacy

advocacy

Pandemic

the existence of disease in a large portion of the population (a global epidemic, HIV, AIDS)

Who is considered to be the hero of epidemiology?

John Snow

What best describes “thinking upstream?”

focuses on economic, political, and environmental factors

What is NOT an upstream approach?

behavior change at the individual level

Individual and sometimes family: macro or microscopic community health approach?

microscopic

Interfamily and inter-community: macro or microscopic community health approach?

macroscopic

Emphasis on individual behavioral responses and modification of perceptions or belief system: macro or microscopic community health approach?

microscopic

In this model, it is believed that individuals will take action to avoid disease of injury

health belief model

In this theoretical model, there is an assumption that behavior change takes place over time and a person can go in and out of the stages before having a stable, improved lifestyle.

transtheoretical model

Risk assessment is a systematic way of distinguishing the risk posed by potentially harmful exposures (T/F)

true

Risk reduction is a proactive process that enables individuals to react to actual or potential threats to their health. (T/F)

true

What best describes why risk reduction is of such importance in the United States today?

the leading cause of death are all related to lifestyle choices

Health Planning Model Steps: Assessment

clarify mutual expectations, interview, research potential problems, identify needs

Health Planning Model Steps: Intervention

implement, plan for unexpected problems

Which is most likely to determine if a health education program will create change?

amount of input and participation by learners

The two types of evaluation of community-based programs are BLANK and BLANK

process evaluation and outcome evaluation

Health planning legislation is the law and politics cannot change it. (T/F)

false

Which best describes the operational definition of "health literacy" in the United States?

knowing how to access and use information to make health decisions

Individuals who can read, write, and do arithmetic always have high health literacy levels. (T/F)

false

The American Medical Association (AMA) and the National Institute of Health (NIH) note that patient education materials should be written at what reading level?

6th grade

Community empowerment allows community members to have more power in decision-making, supports buy-in, and helps create change. (T/F)

true

Community

a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals.

What is community health nursing?

The synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice

Focuses on health promotion and health maintenance

Works with the aggregate community: in schools, shelters, health departments, churches, and other settings

What is public health?

Preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen

Mission of public health

social justice

What is public health nursing?

the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations

Community and public health nursing practice

focus on disease prevention and health promotion

Core public health functions

assessment, policy development, and assurance

The three levels of prevention

primary, secondary, and tertiary

Primary prevention

prevention of problems before they occur

health promotion and health protection

Secondary prevention

early detection and intervention

early diagnosis and treatment

Tertiary prevention

correction and prevention of the deterioration of a disease state

limitation of disability and rehabilitation

Community-based nursing

focus is mainly on individuals and families

emphasis on acute and chronic care

home health nursing, outpatient, and ambulatory care

Defining the community

aggregate of people, location in space and time, and social system

Windshield survey

gain an understanding of environmental layout, locate possible areas of concern and assets through “sight, scent, and sound,” and gives the nurse an opportunity to observe people and their role in the community

Assessing the community: needs assessment

used to understand the community’s perspective, interview key community informants, use community forums, focus groups, or surveys

Nursing process

assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation

Upstream

actions focus on modifying economic, and environmental factors

Downstream

individual behaviors or characteristics

Upstream

city hall, EPA

Downstream

emergency departments, ICU

Macro-level

economic, political, religious, cultural, social, ethical structures

Micro-level

characteristics, culture, attitudes, behaviors

Milio’s framework for prevention

directs attention upstream

examines opportunities for nursing interventions at the population level

national-level policy making is the best way to change health for the better, rather than changing individual behavior

Critical theoretical perspective

societal awareness to expose social inequalities that deny optimal health

society must change to improve the health system

Critical interactionism

nurses can use both an upstream and downstream approach to address health issues

Types of needs to assess

expressed needs, normative needs, perceived needs, relative needs