I Boynton v Virgina, Freedom Rides, James Meredith, Ole Miss

Boynton v. Virginia

1961 case outlawing segregation in interstate travel facilities.

Freedom Rides

1961 protests testing segregation laws in bus terminals.

James Meredith

First African American to enroll at Ole Miss.

Interstate Commerce Act

Prohibits segregation in interstate transportation facilities.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality, organized Freedom Rides.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, civil rights organization.

De jure discrimination

Legal segregation enforced by law, primarily in the South.

De facto discrimination

Socially accepted discrimination, prevalent in North and West.

Radicalization of the Movement

Shift towards more aggressive civil rights tactics.

Federal Government's Role

Increased involvement in civil rights under Kennedy and Johnson.

Civil Rights Movement Themes

Evolution, strategies, split, and federal involvement.

James Farmer

Leader of CORE, organized the Freedom Rides.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Federal agency regulating interstate commerce, including transportation.

Montgomery Violence

Mob violence against Freedom Riders in Montgomery, AL.

Bobby Kennedy

Advocated for civil rights and pressured ICC for enforcement.

Civil Rights Leaders

Figures like King, Farmer, and Lewis shaped the movement.

Integration of Ole Miss

Federal intervention to enforce court-ordered enrollment of Meredith.

Federal Marshals

Sent to protect Meredith during his enrollment at Ole Miss.

Violence in Anniston

Mob attacked Freedom Riders' bus, leading to severe injuries.

Media Attention

Freedom Rides garnered national and international media coverage.

Civil Rights Act

Legislation aimed at ending discrimination in various sectors.

Voting Rights

Focus shifted to voter registration after Freedom Rides.

Kennedy Administration

Faced pressure to act on civil rights issues.

Racial Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on race, prevalent in the South.

Sit-ins

Nonviolent protests at segregated establishments, preceding Freedom Rides.

Mob Violence

Physical attacks against civil rights activists during protests.

Federal Intervention

Government action to enforce civil rights laws.

Civil Rights Movement Split

Divergence in strategies among civil rights organizations.

Integration Success

Meredith graduated from Ole Miss, symbolizing progress.