OTD 306 Quiz 2 - Intellectual Disability and Down Syndrome

intellectual disability

a condition characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning that originates during developmental period (or before age 22)

intellectual functioning, adaptive functioning

According to the DSM-V, a diagnosis of intellectual disability requires the presence of deficits in what two areas? 

intellectual functioning

Deficits in _____ _____ may include deficits in the following skills:

• reasoning

• problem solving

• planning

• abstract thinking

• judgment

• academic learning

• experiential learning

adaptive functiong

Deficits in _____ _____ may result in failure to meet the developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility.

mild, moderate, severe, profound

What are the 4 specifiers used to describe intellectual disability? 

intellectual functioning

general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc.

adaptive functioning

collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives

conceptual skills

category of adaptive behaviors that includes language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; self-direction

social skills

category of adaptive behaviors that includes interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté, social problem solving, ability to follow rules/obey laws, and ability to avoid being victimized

practical skills

category of adaptive behaviors that includes activities of daily living, occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the phone 

conceptual skills, social skills, practical skills

What are 3 categories of skills that fall under adaptive functioning?

mild intellectual disability

• IQ ~50-69

• DSM-V: can live independently with minimum levels of support

• AAIDD: intermittent support needed during transitions or periods of uncertainty

moderate intellectual disability

• IQ ~36-49

• DSM-V: independent living may be achieved with moderate levels of support, such as those available in group homes

• AAIDD: limited support needed in daily situations

severe intellectual disability 

• IQ ~20-35

• DSM-V: requires daily assistance with self-care activities and safety supervision

• AAIDD: extensive support needed for daily activities

profound intellectual disability 

• IQ <20

• DSM-V: requires 24-hour care

• AAIDD: pervasive support needed for every aspect of daily routines

males

Is intellectual disability more likely in males or females? 

autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex linked

What are the three types of single gene disorder transmission patterns discussed in lecture?

prenatal

What type of risk factors for intellectual disability are the following? (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal)

• intrauterine exposure to chemical agents

• Maternal conditions such as rubella or syphilis

• Maternal factors related to low birth weight, including infection, poor nutrition, toxemia, and placental insufficiency

perinatal

What type of risk factors for intellectual disability are the following? (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal)

• mechanical injuries at birth, including breech presentation, meningeal or blood vessel tears, and placental previa

• Perinatal hypoxia (e.g., meconium aspirate syndrome) 

• Active cases of herpes simplex 2

placenta previa 

 Condition in which placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus, covering all or part of the opening to the cervix; may cause severe hemorrhage and perinatal injury to infant 

meconium aspirate syndrome

condition in which bowel movement in amniotic fluid blocks the airway; may cause hypoxia

postnatal

What type of risk factors for intellectual disability are the following? (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal)

• hypoxia

• severe psychosocial deprivation

• infections

mild

Which level of intellectual disability would be most associated with the following?

• learning difficulties, abstract thinking, problem solving

• immaturity in social interactions, some difficulties interpreting social cues, limited understanding of risk in social situations

• independent with feeding, bathing, toileting

• reminders for health or personal care

• guidance in unusual or stressful situations and with health care

• prepares meals and completes household chores

moderate

Which level of intellectual disability would be most associated with the following?

• support requires for all academic skills, academic skills at elementary level, ongoing assistance needed to complete conceptual tasks of daily living

• spoken language is primary communication tool and is much less complex compared to peers, assistance from caretakers to make life decisions

• feeds, bathes, cares for own hair, and dresses self, but may need reminders

• performs routine household chores

• prepares food with reminders and extended learning time

• independent employment in jobs requiring limited conceptual and communication skills

• semi-independent in supervised living situation

severe

Which level of intellectual disability would be most associated with the following?

• requires maximum supervision, support for problem solving, little understanding of written language or concepts involving numbers

• responds to yes/no questions, uses single words or phrases, recognizes signs and simple words 

• contributes partially to self care with total supervision

• prepares simple meals and household tasks with supervision

• co-occuring physical and sensory impairments are frequent barriers to participation  

profound

• use of objects for self care and recreation, visuospatial skills (matching and sorting based on physical characteristics)

• limited understanding of symbolic communication and speech, some understanding of gestures, expression of desires through nonverbal communication

• depends on others for personal cares, may assist in one step tasks, minimal participation in occupation (listening to music, going for walks)

John Langdon Down

Who first described Down Syndrome in 1866 using the term “Mongolism”?

true

True or false: Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition. 

21

Down Syndrome results from an extra copy of which chromosome?

small, upward, flat, simian, microgenia

Common traits of Down Syndrome include:

• hypotonia

• _____ stature

• an _____ slant to the eyes

• _____ nasal bridge

• single palmar fold (_____ crease)

• _____ (abnormally small chin)

Hypotonia

The following are consequences of which characteristic of Down Syndrome?

• hypermobility

• reduced strength

• delay in acquisition of anti-gravity postures or movements

• deficits in higher level postural control mechanisms

• altered gait

• delayed oral motor skills

simian crease

single palmar crease commonly seen in people with Down Syndrome

True

True or false: people with Down Syndrome have an increased risk for congenital heart defects.

True

True or false: people with Down Syndrome have an increased risk for respiratory problems.

True

True or false: people with Down Syndrome have an increased risk for hearing problems.

hypothyroidism

Which endocrine disorder is more likely in people with Down Syndrome: hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism?